Modulation of the Activity and Differentiation of Cells Expressing the Osteoclast-Associated Receptor

ABSTRACT

This invention relates to the finding that collagen peptides bind to the osteoclast-associated receptor (OSCAR) and stimulate the activation and/or differentiation of OSCAR expressing cells, such as osteoclasts and osteoclast precursor cells. Collagen peptides are described which may be useful in the modulation of the differentiation and/or activation of OSCAR expressing cells, for example in the treatment of bone defects and disorders characterized by altered differentiation and/or activation of OSCAR expressing cells.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a divisional of U.S. application Ser. No.13/122,637, filed Apr. 5, 2011, which is a 371 National Stage Filing ofInternational Application No. PCT/GB2009/002382, filed Oct. 6, 2009,which claims priority to British Application No. 0818273.5, filed Oct.6, 2008; the contents of all above-named applications are incorporatedherein by reference.

FIELD OF INVENTION

This invention relates to collagen peptides, in particular collagenpeptides which modulate the activity and/or differentiation ofosteoclast-associated receptor (OSCAR) expressing cells, such asosteoclasts.

BACKGROUND OF INVENTION

Bone is a dynamic tissue which is constantly being remodelled byosteoblasts and osteoclasts. New bone is built by osteoblasts and oldbone resorbed by osteoclasts, and the development and homeostasis ofskeletal systems depends on this balance between bone formation andresorption.

Insufficient osteoclast activity leads to insufficient amounts of oldbone being resorbed and can cause osteoporosis, a disease in which thebones of the sufferer become denser and harden. Similarly, increasedosteoclast activity leads to increased amounts of old bone beingresorbed and can also cause disease. Diseases which are associated withincreased osteoclast activity include primary and secondary bone cancer,as well as osteoporosis and rheumatoid arthritis.

Osteoclasts express the osteoclast-associated receptor (OSCAR) on theircell surface (WO0220718). This receptor can modulate osteoclast activity(WO0220718) and is also expressed on osteoclast precursor cells (Kim etal., 2002) as well as on the surface of monocytes, macrophages,dendritic cells and neutrophils in humans (Merck, E. et al, 2004; Merck,E. et al, 2005; Merck, E. et al, 2006)).

SUMMARY OF INVENTION

The present inventors have discovered that collagen is the ligand of theosteoclast-associated receptor (OSCAR), and that OSCAR binding bycollagen peptides stimulates the activation and/or differentiation ofOSCAR expressing cells. In particular, the present inventors have shownthat collagen peptides can stimulate OSCAR-mediated signalling, as wellas differentiation of osteoclast precursor cells.

An aspect of the invention provides a collagen peptide which modulatesthe differentiation and/or activation of an osteoclast-associatedreceptor (OSCAR) expressing cell.

Another aspect of the invention provides a collagen peptide for use in amethod of treating a bone defect or a disorder characterized by altereddifferentiation and/or activation of an osteoclast-associated receptor(OSCAR) expressing cell.

Another aspect of the invention provides a method of treating a bonedefect or a disorder characterized by altered differentiation and/oractivation of an osteoclast-associated receptor (OSCAR) expressing cellcomprising;

-   -   administering a collagen peptide to an individual in need        thereof.

Another aspect of the invention provides the use of a collagen peptidein the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of a bone defect ora disorder characterized by altered differentiation and/or activation ofan osteoclast-associated receptor (OSCAR) expressing cell.

Another aspect of the invention provides methods of screening formodulators of differentiation and/or activation of anosteoclast-associated receptor (OSCAR) expressing cell comprising;

-   -   contacting an OSCAR expressing cell with a collagen peptide in        the presence or absence of a test compound.

Another aspect of the invention relates to the use of a collagen peptidefor modulating differentiation and/or activation of anosteoclast-associated receptor (OSCAR) expressing cell in vitro.

Another aspect of the invention provides an in vitro method ofmodulating differentiation and/or activation of an osteoclast-associatedreceptor (OSCAR) expressing cell comprising;

-   -   contacting an osteoclast-associated receptor (OSCAR) expressing        cell with a collagen peptide.

Another aspect of the invention provides a pharmaceutical compositioncomprising a collagen peptide and a pharmaceutical agent capable ofaltering activation and/or differentiation of an osteoclast-associatedreceptor (OSCAR) expressing cell, and a pharmaceutically acceptableexcipient.

Other aspects of the invention provide a culture vessel for culturing anosteoclast-associated receptor (OSCAR) expressing cell comprising asurface coated with a collagen peptide, and a kit comprising such aculture vessel for example for use in characterizing anosteoclast-associated receptor (OSCAR) expressing cell. Such culturevessels and kits may be used e.g. in a screen for modulators ofosteoclast-associated receptor (OSCAR) expressing cell differentiationand/or activity.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF FIGURES AND TABLES

FIG. 1 shows that OSCAR is a receptor for collagen. Fc-fusion proteinsof human Ig-like receptors OSCAR (OSCAR-Fc), OSCAR-like transcript-2(OLT2-Fc), TREM-like transcript-1 (TLT1-Fc), and Siglec-15 (Siglec15-Fc)were used in ELISA to assess binding to plates coated with: type I-Vcollagens (x-axis), Ethicon, Devro-Ethicon (Dev-Eth), Horm and ProCollCS are all different preparations of collagen-1, the integrin α2β1homotrimeric peptide ligand ‘GFOGER’ and monomeric collagen-relatedpeptide (mCRP) were also included. Bovine serum albumin (BSA) was usedas negative control protein coat (x-axis). An Fc-fusion of the plateletcollagen receptor, glycoprotein VI (gpVI), was used as a positivecontrol and purified human IgG (IgG) was used as negative control.Primary Fc-fusions were detected using HRP-conjugated rabbit anti-humansecondary antibodies and absorption at an optical density of 450 nm (OD)was recorded (y-axis).

FIG. 2 shows that OSCAR-Fc does not bind appreciably to other α2β1integrin peptide ligands. The triple-helical peptide, (GPP)₁₀, was usedas negative control for triple-helical peptides bound by N- andC-terminal (GPP)₅ repeats to form the triple-helical peptide structures

FIG. 3 shows that OSCAR-Fc does not bind appreciably to theextracellular matrix proteins, vitronectin and fibronectin. Thetriple-helical peptide, (GPP)₁₀, was used as negative control fortriple-helical peptides bound by N- and C-terminal (GPP)₅ repeats toform the triple-helical peptide structures

FIG. 4 shows that anti-human OSCAR mAb 11.1CN5 blocks OSCAR-Fc bindingto type-I, -II and -III collagen, whereas an isotype control mAb has noeffect.

FIG. 5 shows that FITC-conjugated type-I collagen (type-I Collagen-FITC,5 μg/ml) binds to an RBL-2H3 stable cell-line expressing OSCAR-FLAG(open histograms) but not untransfected cells (grey-shaded). Thisinteraction is blocked with 2 μg/ml of anti-human OSCAR mAb 11.1CN5.

FIG. 6 shows that collagenase treatment (open histograms) removes theputative OSCAR ligand from prostaglandin-E2 and vitamin D3 stimulatedmurine bone marrow stromal cells (BMSC) and murine calvarial osteoblasts(OB) (grey-shaded histograms).

FIG. 7 shows the results of an ELISA assay of OSCAR-Fc binding to platescoated with III-36 homotrimeric peptide derivatives conforming to, thecorresponding halves of III-36 containing a putative OSCAR bindingsequence conforming to the predicted motif (underlined), a trimmedpeptide containing only this motif, and peptides in which an alaninescan (bold) run was run through the trimmed sequence along non-helixbreaking residues (Gxx′).

FIG. 8 shows the effect of various amino-acid substitutions on humanOSCAR-Fc binding activity by ELISA.

FIG. 9 shows dotplots showing GFP expression (y-axis) versus forwardscatter (x-axis) of a human OSCAR-CD3ξ NFAT-GFP reporter cell-line inresponse to overnight culture on tissue culture plates coated with BSA,collagens type-I (ProColl CS), -II (Bovine II), -III (Human III), -IV(Human IV) and -V (Human V) and peptides, (GPP)₁₀, and the N- andC-terminal bound (GPP)₅ triple-helical peptides:(GPP)₅-'GLOGPSGEO'-(GPP)₅, (GPP)₅-GPOGPAGFOGAO-(GPP)₅ or(GPP)₅-GAOGPAGFA-(GPP)₅. 2000 events are displayed in each dotplot.

FIG. 10 shows a graph of mean fluorescent intensity (MFI) of GFPexpression of the hOSCAR-CD3ξ NFAT-GFP reporter cell-line in response toAla-scan and amino acid substitution peptides coated on tissue cultureplates. Peptide sequences shown were all bound by N- and C-terminal(GPP)₅ repeats.

FIG. 11 shows the identification of a human OSCAR collagen bindingmotif. Human OSCAR-Fc was used to screen a plate-bound overlappingtype-II triple-helical collagen peptide library (type-II collagentoolkit) by ELISA. Peptide sequences (peptides #1-56) from this libraryare shown in Table 1.

FIG. 12 shows the identification of a human OSCAR collagen bindingmotif. Human OSCAR-Fc was used to screen a plate-bound overlappingtype-III triple-helical collagen peptide libraries (type-III collagentoolkit) by ELISA. Peptide sequences (peptides #1-57) from this libraryare shown in Table 2.

FIG. 13 shows that tissue culture plates coated with OSCAR-bindingcollagen peptides promote osteoclastogenesis. Human peripheral bloodmonocytes were cultured in flat-bottomed 96-well tissue plates coatedwith either BSA; control ovalbumin peptide (OVA), (GPP)₁₀,(GPP)₅-GLOGPSGEO-(GPP)₅, (GPP)₅-GPOGPAGFOGAO-(GPP)₅ or(GPP)₅-GAOGPAGFA-(GPP)₅ (x-axis). Cultures were stained forTartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) (dark red/purple staining)Giant multinuclear TRAP+ osteoclasts (OC) were enumerated after 7 daysculture with 100 ng/ml recombinant RANK-L and 30 ng/mlM-CSF (y-axis).The OSCAR-binding collagen peptides (GPP)₅-GPOGPAGFOGAO-(GPP)₅ and(GPP)₅-GAOGPAGFA-(GPP)₅ enhance osteoclastogenesis, whereas BSA, OVA,(GPP)₁₀ and (GPP)₅-GLOGPSGEO-(GPP)₅, which bind human OSCAR-Fc, did not.

FIG. 14 shows the number of TRAP+ giant multinuclear cells enumeratedafter 7 days in culture (y-axis) of human peripheral blood monocytes inflat-bottomed 96-well tissue plates coated with(GPP)₅-GPOGPAGFOGAO-(GPP)₅ in the presence of 2.5 μg/ml of either themouse anti-human OSCAR mAb 11.1CN5 or the anti-MHC class I mAb (x-axis).

FIG. 15 shows examples of the TRAP+ cells generated under the cultureconditions of FIG. 14. After 7d days culture, giant TRAP+ multinuclearcells are present at higher cell densities in plates coated with either(GPP)₅-GPOGPAGFOGAO-(GPP)₅ or (GPP)₅-GAOGPAGFA-(GPP)₅, but BSA, OVA or(GPP)₅-GLOGPSGEO-(GPP)₅.

FIG. 16 shows that BMM from wild-type C57BL/6 mice also exhibit enhancedosteoclastogenesis (y-axis) in tissue culture plates coated with(GPP)₅-GPOGPAGFOGAO-(GPP)₅, but not BSA, OVA or (GPP)₁₀ (x-axis) (upperleft panel). BMM from either OSCAR-deficient (OSCAR−/−) (upper right) orFcRγ-deficient (FcRγ−/−) (lower left) mice do not show enhancedosteoclastogenesis in plates coated with (GPP)₅-GPOGPAGFOGAO-(GPP)₅,compared to BSA, OVA or (GPP)₁₀. The in vitro osteoclastogeneic defectof DAP12-deficient (DAP12−/−) BMM (lower right) is rescued upon culturein plates coated with (GPP)₅-GPOGPAGFOGAO-(GPP)₅, but not BSA, OVA or(GPP)₁₀ at concentrations of either 30 ng/ml RANK-L+10 ng/ml M-CSF or100 ng/ml RANK-L+10 ng/ml M-CSF).

FIG. 17A shows examples of the rescued DAP12−/− giant TRAP+(red/purplehistological stain) multinucleated cells formed on plates coated with(GPP)₅-GPOGPAGFOGAO-(GPP)₅ (×20 objective). FIG. 17B shows examples ofTRAP+ mononuclear DAP12−/− cells cultured on (GPP)₁₀-coated plates forcomparison. By immunofluorescence, the rescued DAP12−/− giantmultinuclear (DAPI, blue staining) formed actin rings as revealed byPhalloidin-Alex 488 (green staining).

FIG. 18 shows OSCAR ligand-binding rescues the osteoclastogenesis defectin DAP12- and TREM2-deficient Nasu-Hakola patients. (RH panel)Retroviral transduction of DAP12 rescues the in vitro osteoclastogeneicdefect of OSCAR−/−DAP12−/− BMM (y-axis) in plates coated with eitherBSA, OVA, (GPP)₁₀ or (GPP)₅-GPOGPAGFOGAO-(GPP)₅, whereas (LH panel)Retroviral transduction of OSCAR (long signal peptide isoform (SP-L)rescues the in vitro osteoclastogenic defect of OSCAR−/−DAP12−/− BMMonly in plates coated with (GPP)₅-GPOGPAGFOGAO-(GPP)₅, but not platescoated with BSA or OVA. (GPP)₁₀-coated plates also developed giant TRAP+multinucleated cells to lesser extent.

FIG. 19 shows examples of TRAP+ (red/purple histological stain) cellsformed on plates coated with either BSA or (GPP)₅-GPOGPAGFOGAO-(GPP)₅upon retroviral transduction of either empty pMx vector, DAP12 or theOSCAR SP-L (x20 objective). Giant TRAP+ multinuclear cells did not formupon retroviral transduction of OSCAR−/−DAP12−/− BMM using empty pMxretroviral vector under any of the conditions tested.

FIG. 20 shows the in vitro osteoclastogeneic defect of human peripheralblood monocytes from TREM2-deficient (LHS) or DAP12-deificientNasu-Hakola patients (RHS) is rescued upon culture on tissue cultureplates coated with (GPP)₅-GPOGPAGFOGAO-(GPP)₅, but not plates coatedwith BSA or (GPP)₁₀.

FIG. 21 shows examples of the giant TRAP+ multinuclear cells rescuedfrom TREM2-deficient (NH2) or DAP12-deficient (NH6) Nasu-Hakola patientsin wells coated with (GPP)₅-GPOGPAGFOGAO-(GPP)₅ but not BSA or (GPP)₁₀(x20 objective).

FIG. 22 shows expression of osteoclast-specific genes fromDAP12-deficient BMM osteoclasts cultured on BSA-,(GPP)₅-GPOGPAGFOGAO-(GPP)₅- and (GPP)₅-GAOGPAGFA-(GPP)₅-coated tissueculture plates by RT-PCR. BMM from DAP12-deficient mice were cultured onBSA-, GPP)₅-GPOGPAGFOGAO-(GPP)₅— and (GPP)₅-GAOGPAGFA-(GPP)₅-coatedtissue culture plates. 24 h after osteoclasts developed, total RNA wasextracted and reverse-transcribed. The resulting cDNA was used to detectexpression of the osteoclast-specific genes Cathepsin-K, calcitoninreceptor, integrin α_(V), ADAMS, MMP-9 and OSCAR by RT-PCR. GAPDH wasused as a positive control. Total RNA from BMM precursors (grown in 100ng/ml M-CSF for 3 days preceding differentiation with 100 ng/mlRANK-L+10ng/ml M-CSF) were used as a negative control population for expressionof these genes.

FIG. 23 shows the effect of N-glycosylation on OSCAR-Fc binding tocollagen. Fc-fusions of human Ig-like receptors OSCAR(OSC-Fc),OSCAR-like transcript-2 (OLT2) were used in ELISA to assess binding tocollagens type I-V in the presence and absence of Peptide-N-glycosidaseF (PNGase F), which releases asparagine-linked (N-linked)oligosaccharides from glycoproteins and glycopeptides. Ethicon,Devro-Ethicon (Dev-Eth), Horm and ProColl CS are all differentpreparations of type-I collagen. Binding to bovine serum albumin (BSA)was used as a negative control.

Black bars indicate OSCAR-Fc binding in the absence, and light grey barsin the presence, of PNGase F. Open bars indicate OSCAR-like transcript-2binding in the absence, and dark grey bars in the presence, of PNGase F.

FIG. 24 shows that soluble triple-helical OSCAR-binding peptides blockhuman OSCAR-Fc binding to immobilised triple-helical peptides. (A) Thetriple-helical peptides: DB99, (GPP)₅-GAOGPAGSA-(GPP)₅; NR325,(GPP)₅-GAOGPAGFA-(GPP)₅; NR338, (GPP)₅-GAOGASGDR-(GPP)₅ and NR340,(GPP)₅-GAOGPAGYA-(GPP)₅ were immobilised on 96-well Nunc immunosorpplates. Human OSCAR-Fc (2.5 μg/ml) was incubated for 30 min at roomtemperature with soluble versions of each peptide at the indicateddoubling concentration range (0-200 μM, x-axis). The OSCAR-Fc:peptidecomplexes were then assayed for binding to their respective immobilisedpeptides by solid-phase assay and absorbance at an optical density at450 nM recorded (y-axis). Whilst each peptide clearly has a separateaffinity for OSCAR-Fc, the increasing concentrations of each solublepeptide, clearly inhibit binding of OSCAR-Fc to the immobilised versionof the same peptide. (B) Control experiment for soluble peptide blockingactivity on human OSCAR-Fc. The triple-helical peptides: DB99,(GPP)₅-GAOGPAGSA-(GPP)₅; NR325, (GPP)₅-GAOGPAGFA-(GPP)₅; NR338,(GPP)₅-GAOGASGDR-(GPP)₅ and NR340, (GPP)₅-GAOGPAGYA-(GPP)₅ wereimmobilised on 96-well Nunc immunosorp plates. Human OSCAR-Fc (2.5μg/ml) was incubated for 30 mins at room temperature with soluble(GPP)₁₀ at the indicated doubling concentration range (0-200 μM, x-axis)before assay for OSCAR-Fc binding to immobilised DB99, NR325, NR338 orNR340 by solid-phase assay and the absorbance at an optical density at450 nM recorded (y-axis). The analagous concentrations of the solublecontrol triple-helical peptide, (GPP)₁₀, do not block human OSCAR-Fcbinding to the immobilised DB99, NR325, NR338 or NR340 peptides, showingthe blocking effect is due to the soluble ‘non-immobilised’ state ofOSCAR-binding triple-helical peptide ligands containing an OSCAR-bindingmotif.

FIG. 25 shows dotplots (10,000 events) displaying the responses of thehuman (h) and murine (m) OSCAR-CD3Zeta NFAT-GFP reporter cell-lines to:

immobilised BSA; a linear peptide containing the minimal OSCAR-bindingsequence ‘GPOGPAGFO’ and a triple-helical peptide designed to theminimal OSCAR-binding sequence ‘(GPP)₅-GPOGPAGFO-(GPP)₅’.GFP-expression, y-axis; Forward-scatter, x-axis.

Table 1 shows the sequences of the overlapping homotrimeric type-IIcollagen peptide library (collagen II toolkit) which encompasses theentire type-II collagen sequence. The mass of the peptides in Daltons(Da) is also shown.

Table 2 shows the sequences of the overlapping homotrimeric type-IIIcollagen peptide library (collagen III toolkit) which encompasses theentire type-II collagen sequence. The mass of the peptides in Daltons(Da) is also shown.

Table 3 shows the amino acid sequences of the 111-36 peptidederivatives, including their mass in Daltons (Da).

Table 4 shows an alignment of the homotrimeric collagen-based peptidessequences which bound the strongest to OSCAR-Fc

Table 5 shows a prediction of the putative OSCAR binding site.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS

This invention relates to collagen peptides which interact with theosteoclast-associated receptor (OSCAR) and modulate differentiationand/or activation of OSCAR expressing cells

Osteoclast-associated receptor (OSCAR) is a cell-surface receptor whichis expressed on the surface of mammalian osteoclasts and other celltypes. Examples of osteoclast-associated receptors include the humanosteoclast-associated receptor (GenelD: 126014; reference amino acidsequence AAH35023.1 GI: 23273932), the mouse osteoclast-associatedreceptor (GeneID: 232790; reference amino acid sequence AAI37777.1 GI:187950779) and the rat osteoclast-associated receptor (GenelD: 292537;sequence herein).

Suitable osteoclast-associated receptors (OSCAR) may comprise the aminoacid sequence of a reference sequence identified above or an allelicvariant thereof. The amino acid sequence of an allelic variant may, forexample, have at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, atleast 98%, or at least 99% sequence identity to the reference sequence.

Osteoclast-associated receptors may be identified using standard methodsin the art, such as immunological techniques. Antibodies specific forOSCAR are commercially available and include, for example, mAb 11.1CN5(Beckman coulter), mAb 18D440.1 (Abcam), goat OSCAR polyclonal Ab (NovusBiologicals); and OSCAR (M−17), (N-16) and (D-19) goat polyclonal IgGs(Santa Cruz Biotechnology).

Osteoclast-associated receptor (OSCAR) may be expressed by mammaliancells, for example, human cells or murine cells, such as mouse and ratcells. Cells which express osteoclast-associated receptor (OSCAR)include osteoclasts, osteoclast precursors, monocytes, macrophages,dendritic cells and neutrophils.

Any collagen peptide which forms hetero- or homo-trimers underappropriate conditions and binds OSCAR may be used as described herein.

For example, collagen peptide suitable for use as described herein maycomprise the amino acid sequence;

GX₁OGX₂X₃GX₄X₅,

-   -   wherein O is a hydroxyproline residue and    -   X₁ is independently any non-polar amino acid,    -   X₂ is independently P, A, or V,    -   X₃ is independently any amino acid,    -   X₄ is independently F, S, D, Y, A or E;    -   X₅ is independently any amino acid.

In some embodiments, a collagen peptide suitable for use as describedherein may comprise the amino acid sequence;

GX₁OGX₂X₃GX₄X₅,

-   -   wherein O is a hydroxyproline residue and    -   X₁ is independently A, P or G, preferably P or A, more        preferably A,    -   X₂ is independently P, A, or V, more preferably P or A    -   X₃ is independently A, M, P, O, Q, or S; more preferably A or S    -   X₄ is independently F, S, D, Y, A or E; preferably F, S, D or Y,        most preferably F,    -   X₅ is independently O, A, R or Q, preferably O.

In some preferred embodiments, a collagen peptide may comprise the aminoacid sequence GX₁OGPX₃GFO,

-   -   wherein X₁ and X₃ are as defined above.

For example, a collagen peptide may comprise the amino acid sequenceGX₁OGPX₃GFOGX₆O,

-   -   wherein X₁ and X₃ are as defined above and X₆ is independently        A, P, L or A.

A collagen peptide may comprise an amino acid sequence having at least50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 90% or at least 95% sequenceidentity to a sequence selected from the group of GPOGPAGFOGAO,GAOGPAGFA, GERGETGPOGPAGFOGAOGQN, GPOGPAGFOGAOGQNGEOGGK, GAOGPAGFOGAO,GPOGAAGFOGAO, GPOGPAGFAGAO, GPOGPAGFOGAA, GAOGPAGSA, GAOGVMGFA,GAOGPAGFAGEA, GAOGAAGFA, GAOGPPGFA, GAOGPOGFA, GAOGPQGFA, GAOGASGDR,GAOGPAGYA, GPOGPAGAOGAO, GAOGPAGEA, GAOGPAGFD, and GAOGPQGPA, wherein 0is a hydroxyproline residue.

Sequence identity is commonly defined with reference to the algorithmGAP (Genetics Computer Group, Madison, Wis.). GAP uses the Needleman andWunsch algorithm to align two complete sequences that maximizes thenumber of matches and minimizes the number of gaps. Generally, defaultparameters are used, with a gap creation penalty=12 and gap extensionpenalty=4. Use of GAP may be preferred but other algorithms may be used,e.g. BLAST (McGinnis S et al. (2004) 32:W20-W25; Altschul et al.(1990)), FASTA (which uses the method of Pearson and Lipman 1988), orthe Smith-Waterman algorithm (Smith and Waterman 1981), or the TBLASTNprogram, of Altschul et al. (1990) supra, generally employing defaultparameters. In particular, the psi-Blast algorithm may be used (Altschulet al. 1997). BLAST algorithms are available via an interface at theNCBI website (Johnson et al 2008). Sequence identity and similarity mayalso be determined using Genomequest™ software (Gene-IT, Worcester Mass.USA).

Sequence comparisons are preferably made over the full-length of therelevant sequence described herein.

A suitable collagen peptide may comprise an amino acid sequence selectedfrom the group of: GPOGPAGFOGAO, GAOGPAGFA, GERGETGPOGPAGFOGAOGQN,GPOGPAGFOGAOGQNGEOGGK, GAOGPAGFOGAO, GPOGAAGFOGAO, GPOGPAGFAGAO,GPOGPAGFOGAA, GAOGPAGSA, GAOGVMGFA, GAOGPAGFAGEA, GAOGAAGFA, GAOGPPGFA,GAOGPOGFA, GAOGPQGFA, GAOGASGDR, GAOGPAGYA, GPOGPAGAOGAO, GAOGPAGEA,GAOGPAGFD, and GAOGPQGPA, wherein O is a hydroxyproline residue.

In some embodiments, a collagen peptide may comprise two or more repeatsof a collagen sequence set out above.

A collagen peptide may be at least 10, at least 15, at least 20, atleast 25, at least 30, at least 35, at least 40, at least 45, at least50, at least 55, at least 60, at least 65, at least 70, at least 75, atleast 80, at least 85, at least 90, at least 95, or at least 100 aminoacids in length.

Alternatively, a collagen peptide may be up to 10, up to 15, up to 20,up to 25, up to 30, up to 35, up to 40, up to 45, up to 50, up to 55, upto 60, up to 65, up to 70, up to 75, up to 80, up to 85, up to 90, up to95, up to 100, up to 200 or up to 300 amino acids in length.

The sequence of a collagen peptide may be a naturally occurring collagensequence (i.e. a collagen sequence which exists in nature), for examplea collagen sequence found in collagen-I, -II or -III, or a non-naturallyoccurring collagen sequence (i.e. an artificial collagen sequence whichdoes not exist in nature).

A collagen peptide may be comprised within a non-naturally occurringpeptide and polypeptide fusions, for example wherein the collagenpeptide is fused to one or more sequences which are not naturally fusedto the peptide. Sequences which are not naturally fused to the collagenpeptide may include artificial collagen sequences, non-collagensequences or additional copies of the peptide sequence itself.

In some embodiments, one or more heterologous amino acids may be joinedor fused to the N- and/or C-terminal end of a collagen peptide set outherein and a polypeptide or peptide may comprise a peptide as describedabove linked or fused to one or more heterologous amino acids.

A heterologous amino acid sequence is an amino acid sequence which isnot naturally found in collagens, e.g. a non-collagen sequence.Heterologous amino acid sequences include artificial sequences, i.e.sequences not found in nature.

A heterologous amino acid sequence is a sequence not occurring in anynatural collagen (e.g. collagen-I, -II or -III) joined by a peptide bondwithout intervening amino acids to a peptide described herein, that isto say usually a chain of amino acids which is not found naturallyjoined to a collagen peptide described herein at the position of fusionin the peptide. Usually, where heterologous amino acids are fused to theN or C terminal of the collagen peptide, the whole contiguous sequenceof amino acids does not occur within collagen.

In some preferred embodiments, collagen peptides as described above arefused to heterologous N and C terminal amino acid sequences whichsupport the triple-helical polyproline II helix structure, for exampleGX_(a)X_(b) repeat sequences, where X_(a) and X_(b) are any amino acidother than G, preferably X_(a) is independently any amino acid exceptglycine or O. Suitable triple-helical sequences include GPP and/or GPOrepeats. For example, (GPP)_(a), wherein n is 2-6 or more and (GPO)_(n1)where n₁ is 2-6 or more.

Preferably a collagen peptide comprises multiple repeats, e.g. 2, 3, 4,5 or 6, of the sequence ‘GPP’ at its N-terminal and C-terminal ends. Forexample, a collagen peptide may comprise the sequence (GPP)₅ at itsN-terminal and C-terminal ends. In some embodiments, a collagen peptidemay comprise one or m ore copies of the sequence ‘GPC’ to facilitatedisulphide cross-linking. For example, a peptide may comprise thesequence GPC(GPP)₅ at its N-terminal and the sequence (GPP)₅GPC at itsC-terminal ends.

For example, suitable collagen peptides may comprise the sequence(GPP)₅-GPOGPAGFOGAO-(GPP)₅ or (GPP)₅-GAOGPAGFA-(GPP)₅ or, morepreferably, GPC(GPP)₅-GPOGPAGFOGAO-(GPP)₅GPC orGPC(GPP)₅-GAOGPAGFA-(GPP)₅GPC.

Heterologous amino acids at the N or C terminal of a collagen peptide orpolypeptide described herein may form an additional sequence or motif.Indeed, any desired additional amino acid sequence may be included in afusion with a peptide described herein, including non-triple helicalextensions of the triple helix formed by trimerising of the peptides.Suitable heterologous amino acid sequences include the sequences ofbioactive peptides and polypeptides, including chemokines and cytokines,such as RANKL and osteoprotegrin (OPG).

Collagen peptides and polypeptides described herein preferably formtrimers under appropriate conditions.

A peptidyl trimer may be a homotrimer or a heterotrimer of a collagenpeptide described herein. For example, a collagen peptidyl trimer whichbinds OSCAR may comprise three peptides comprising the amino acidsequence;

GX₁OGX₂X₃GX₄X₅,

-   -   wherein O is a hydroxyproline residue and    -   X₁ is independently any non-polar amino acid,    -   X₂ is independently P, A, or V,    -   X₃ is independently any amino acid,    -   X₄ is independently F, S, D, Y, A or E;    -   X₅ is independently any amino acid.

In some embodiments, a collagen peptidyl trimer may comprise threepeptides comprising the amino acid sequence;

GX₁OGX₂X₃GX₄X₅,

-   -   wherein O is a hydroxyproline residue and    -   X₁ is independently A, P or G in at least one of said peptides,        preferably P or A, more preferably A,    -   X₂ is independently P, A, or V in at least one of said peptides,        more preferably P or A,    -   X₃ is independently A, M, P, O, Q, or S in at least one of said        peptides; more preferably A or S,    -   X₄ is independently F, S, D, Y, A or E in at least one of said        peptides; preferably F, S, D or Y, most preferably F, X₅ is        independently 0, A, R or Q in at least one of said peptides,        preferably 0.

For example;

-   -   X₁ may be A, P or G in one, two or three of said peptides of the        trimer.    -   X₂ may be P, A, or V in one, two or three of said peptides of        the trimer.    -   X₃ may be A, M, P, O, Q, or S in one, two or three of said        peptides of the trimer.    -   X₄ may be F, S, D, Y, A or E in one, two or three of said        peptides of the trimer.    -   X₅ may be 0, A, R or Q in one, two or three of said peptides of        the trimer.

The production of collagen heterotrimers is described, for example, inSlatter D A et al J Mol. Biol. (2006) 2; 359(2):289-98.

A peptide which forms a peptidyl trimer may be fused to one or moresequences which are not naturally fused to the peptide, for example oneor more heterologous amino acids, to form non-naturally occurringpeptide and polypeptide fusions, as described above.

In some embodiments, peptides may be cross-linked within the trimer, forexample using covalent bonds e.g. hexanoic acid cross-linking (such asthe lysyl-lysyl amino hexanoate cross-linking). Alternatively, adisulphide knot may be produced and selectively protected anddeprotected to link three chains successively and in register.

In other embodiments, peptides may trimerise without any cross-linking,and trimers consisting of peptides as described herein may be providedwithout cross-linking A peptidyl trimer may be produced by providingpeptides as described herein and causing or allowing (under appropriateconditions) the peptides to associate to form a trimer.

Triple helical structure may be determined by any convenient technique,for example polarimetry or circular dichroism. Trimerization may befollowed by isolation of trimers, e.g. for subsequent use and/ormanipulation.

Collagen peptides as described herein and trimers thereof may be usefulin modulating the activation and/or differentiation ofosteoclast-associated receptor expressing cells, e.g. by activatingOSCAR-mediated signalling. For example, a collagen peptide may stimulatethe differentiation and/or activation of the osteoclast-associatedreceptor (OSCAR) expressing cell for example by specific binding toOSCAR. Alternatively, a collagen peptide may inhibit the differentiationand/or activation of the osteoclast-associated receptor (OSCAR)expressing cell, for example by blocking the binding of OSCAR tocollagen ligands.

Suitable collagen peptides and trimers thereof bind to anosteoclast-associated receptor. For example, a collagen peptide may bindto an osteoclast-associated receptor with the same or better affinitythan a collagen peptide comprising a sequence selected from the groupof: GPOGPAGFOGAO, GAOGPAGFA, GERGETGPOGPAGFOGAOGQN,GPOGPAGFOGAOGQNGEOGGK, GAOGPAGFOGAO, GPOGAAGFOGAO, GPOGPAGFAGAO,GPOGPAGFOGAA, GAOGPAGSA, GAOGVMGFA, GAOGPAGFAGEA, GAOGAAGFA, GAOGPPGFA,GAOGPOGFA, GAOGPQGFA, GAOGASGDR, GAOGPAGYA, GPOGPAGAOGAO, GAOGPAGEA,GAOGPAGFD, and GAOGPQGPA.

Preferably, a collagen peptide binds to an osteoclast-associatedreceptor with the same or better affinity than a collagen peptidecomprising an amino acid sequence selected from the group of:GPOGPAGFOGAO and GAOGPAGFA. For example, a collagen peptide may bind toan osteoclast-associated receptor with the same or better affinity thancollagen peptides GPC(GPP)₅-GPOGPAGFOGAO-(GPP)₅GPC orGPC(GPP)₅-GAOGPAGFA-(GPP)₅GPC.

A collagen peptide or trimer as described herein may show no binding orsubstantially no binding to known collagen receptors, such as integrinα₂β₁, the discoidin domain receptors DDR1 and DDR2 or plateletglycoprotein VI.

Methods for determining the affinity of a collagen peptide for anosteoclast-associated receptor are well-known in the art and are alsodescribed elsewhere herein.

A collagen peptide or trimer as described herein may be provided in anisolated and/or purified form i.e. devoid of other collagen peptides orfragments or other biological molecules which are naturally found inassociation with collagen.

Collagen peptides for use as described herein are preferably synthetici.e. produced by a synthetic or recombinant process.

For example, collagen peptides described herein may be generated whollyor partly by chemical synthesis. The peptides can be readily prepared,for example, according to well-established, standard liquid or,preferably, solid-phase peptide synthesis methods, general descriptionsof which are broadly available (see, for example, in J. M. Stewart andJ. D. Young, Solid Phase Peptide Synthesis, 2nd edition, Pierce ChemicalCompany, Rockford, Ill. (1984), in M. Bodanzsky and A. Bodanzsky, ThePractice of Peptide Synthesis, Springer Verlag, New York (1984); in J.H. Jones, The Chemical Synthesis of Peptides. Oxford University Press,Oxford 1991; in Applied Biosystems 430A Users Manual, ABI Inc., FosterCity, Calif., in G. A. Grant, (Ed.) Synthetic Peptides, A User's Guide.W. H. Freeman & Co., New York 1992, E. Atherton and R. C. Sheppard,Solid Phase Peptide Synthesis, A Practical Approach. IRL Press 1989 andin G. B. Fields, (Ed.) Solid-Phase Peptide Synthesis (Methods inEnzymology Vol. 289). Academic Press, New York and London 1997), or theymay be prepared in solution, by the liquid phase method or by anycombination of solid-phase, liquid phase and solution chemistry, e.g. byfirst completing the respective peptide portion and then, if desired andappropriate, after removal of any protecting groups being present, byintroduction of the residue X by reaction of the respective carbonic orsulfonic acid or a reactive derivative thereof. For example, peptidesmay be synthesized by Fmoc (N-(9-fluorenyl)methoxycarbonyl) chemistry asC-terminal amides on TentaGel R RAM resin in an automated synthesizer(e.g. Applied Biosystems Pioneer™)

Another convenient way of producing the collagen peptides describedherein is to express nucleic acid encoding a precursor wherein prolineappears in place of the desired hydroxyproline, by use of nucleic acidin an expression system. Production of GPO-containing peptides may beachieved for example by co-expression of an appropriate hydroxylase, ashas been done with lysyl residues (Nokelainen et al. 1998 Matrix Biol.16(6):329-38). For peptides containing Pro residues to bepost-translationally converted by hydroxylation to Hyp (O),prolyl-hydroxylase may be co-expressed. Myllyharju, J. et al. BiochemSoc trans 2000, 4 353-7 describes an efficient expression system forrecombinant human collagens which may be useful in providing peptides asdescribed herein. This system uses the methylotrophic yeast Pichiapastoris, with co-expression of the desired peptides chains with thealpha- and beta-subunits of prolyl 4-hydroxylase.

In some embodiments, a collagen peptide or polypeptide as describedherein may be chemically modified, for example, by addition of one ormore polyethylene glycol molecules, sugars, phosphates, and/or othersuch molecules, where the molecule or molecules are not naturallyattached to wild-type collagen proteins. Suitable chemical modificationsare well known to those of skill in the art. The same type ofmodification may be present in the same or varying degree at severalsites in the peptide or polypeptide. Also, a given the peptide orpolypeptide may contain many types of modifications.

Modifications can occur anywhere in the peptide sequence, including thepeptide backbone, the amino acid side-chains, and the amino or carboxyltermini. Modifications include, for example, acetylation, acylation,ADP-ribosylation, amidation, covalent attachment of flavin, covalentattachment of a haem moiety, covalent attachment of a nucleotide ornucleotide derivative, covalent attachment of a lipid or lipidderivative, covalent attachment of phosphatidylinositol, cross-linking,cyclization, disulfide bond formation, demethylation, formation ofcovalent cross-links, formation of cysteine, formation of pyroglutamate,formylation, gamma-carboxylation, glycosylation, GPI anchor formation,hydroxylation, iodination, methylation, myristoylation, oxidation,proteolytic processing, phosphorylation, prenylation, racemization,glycosylation, lipid attachment, sulfation, gamma-carboxylation ofglutamic acid residues, hydroxylation and ADP-ribosylation,selenoylation, sulfation, transfer-RNA mediated addition of amino acidsto proteins, such as arginylation, and ubiquitination. See, forinstance, Proteins-Structure And Molecular Properties, 2nd Ed., T. E.Creighton, W. H. Freeman and Company, New York (1993) and Wold, F.,“Posttranslational Protein Modifications: Perspectives and Prospects,”pgs. 1-12 in Posttranslational Covalent Modification Of Proteins, B. C.Johnson, Ed., Academic Press, New York (1983); Seifter et al., Meth.Enzymol. 182:626-646 (1990) and Rattan et al., “Protein Synthesis:Posttranslational Modifications and Aging,” Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 663:48-62 (1992).

In some embodiments, a protecting group may be coupled to the N- and/orC-terminal end of a collagen peptide to protect the collagen peptidefrom enzymatic digestion. Suitable protecting groups are well-known inthe art.

Collagen peptides or polypeptides as described herein may bestructurally modified. A structurally modified peptide is substantiallysimilar in both three-dimensional shape and biological activity to acollagen peptide described herein and preferably comprises a spatialarrangement of reactive chemical moieties that closely resembles thethree-dimensional arrangement of active groups in the peptide sequence.Examples of structurally modified peptides include pseudo-peptides,semi-peptides and peptoids.

Collagen peptides or polypeptides as described herein may bestructurally modified to include one or more non-peptidyl bonds, forexample pseudopeptide bonds. A number of suitable pseudopeptide bondsare known in the art, including retro-inverso pseudopeptide bonds(“Biologically active retroinverso analogues of thymopentin”, Sisto A.et al in Rivier, J. E. and Marshall, G. R. (eds) “Peptides, Chemistry,Structure and Biology”, Escom, Leiden (1990), pp. 722-773) and Dalpozzo,et al. (1993), Int. J. Peptide Protein Res., 41:561-566), reducedisostere pseudopeptide bonds (Couder, et al. (1993), Int. J. PeptideProtein Res., 41:181-184), ketomethylene and methylsulfide bonds.

Collagen peptides or polypeptides comprising pseudopeptide bonds mayhave an identical amino acid sequence to the sequence described above,except that one or more of the peptide bonds are replaced by apseudopeptide bond. In some embodiments, the most N-terminal peptidebond is substituted, since such a substitution will confer resistance toproteolysis by exopeptidases acting on the N-terminus. Furthermodifications also can be made by replacing chemical groups of the aminoacids with other chemical groups of similar structure.

Collagen peptides or polypeptides as described herein may bestructurally modified to eliminate peptide bonds. Suitable structurallymodified peptides include peptoids (Simon, et al., 1992, Proc. Natl.Acad. Sci. USA, 89:9367-9371), which are oligomers of N-substitutedglycines. The N-alkyl group of each glycine residue corresponds to theside chain of a natural amino acid. Some or all of the amino acids of apeptide may be replaced with the N-substituted glycine corresponding tothe replaced amino acid.

Collagen peptides or polypeptides as described herein may bestructurally modified to comprise one or more D-amino acids. Forexample, a peptide may be an enantiomer in which one or more L-aminoacid residues in the amino acid sequence of the peptide is replaced withthe corresponding D-amino acid residue or a reverse-D peptide, which isa peptide consisting of D-amino acids arranged in a reverse order ascompared to the L-amino acid sequence described above. (Smith C. S. etal., Drug Development Res., 15, pp. 371-379 (1988).

Methods of producing suitable structurally modified peptides are wellknown in the art.

A collagen peptide or polypeptide as described herein may be linked to acoupling partner, e.g. an effector molecule, a label, a marker, a drug,a toxin and/or a carrier or transport molecule, and/or a targetingmolecule such as an antibody or binding fragment thereof or otherligand. Techniques for coupling peptides to both peptidyl andnon-peptidyl coupling partners are well-known in the art.

For example, a collagen peptide or polypeptide may be conjugated to anactive agent which exerts a biological effect, such as a pharmaceuticalagent. A suitable pharmaceutical agent may produce a therapeutic effecton a disease condition. For example, a collagen peptide may beconjugated to a pharmaceutical agent which alters the activation and/ordifferentiation of an osteoclast-associated receptor (OSCAR) expressingcell. Exemplary pharmaceutical agents capable of altering the activationand/or differentiation of an OSCAR expressing cell include adjuvants,chemokines, cytokines e.g. RANKL, osteoprotegrin (OPG), fluorescentdyes, recombinant enzymes and proteins or protein fusions.

In some embodiments, a collagen peptide or peptidyl trimer may beattached or coated on to a solid surface or insoluble support. Methodsfor fixing peptides or polypeptides to insoluble supports are known tothose skilled in the art. For example, collagen peptides or peptidyltrimers may be immobilised on the surface of a culture vessel. A culturevessel with a collagen peptide or trimer immobilised on its surface maybe useful for culturing cells which express osteoclast-associatedreceptors (OSCAR).

Suitable culture vessels are well known in the art and include tissueculture plates, for example multi-well tissue culture plates such as 48-or 96-well plates.

A culture vessel with immobilised collagen peptides or peptidyl trimersmay, for example, be useful in a method of screening for modulators ofosteoclast-associated receptor (OSCAR) expressing cell differentiationand/or activity.

Culture vessels with immobilised collagen peptides or peptidyl trimersmay be provided as part of a kit. In addition to culture vessels, suchkits may comprise reagents for characterizing OSCAR expressing cells.For example, osteoclasts can be characterised by reagents suitable fordetection of tartrate resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP). Reagentssuitable for detecting tartrate resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) arewell known in the art and are commercially available (e.g. TRAP-stainingkit #386A-1KT Sigma-Aldrich).

Collagen peptides and peptidyl trimers as described herein may also beuseful in a method of treatment. For example, a collagen peptide may beused in a method of treating a bone defect or a disorder characterizedby altered differentiation and/or activation of an osteoclast-associatedreceptor (OSCAR) expressing cell.

A collagen peptide or peptidyl trimer may also be useful in themanufacture of a medicament for the treatment of a bone defect or adisorder characterized by altered differentiation and/or activation ofan osteoclast-associated receptor (OSCAR) expressing cell.

A method of treating a disorder characterized by altered differentiationand/or activation of an OSCAR expressing cell may comprise administeringa collagen peptide or peptidyl trimer to an individual in need thereof.

Disorders characterized by altered differentiation and/or activation ofan osteoclast-associated receptor (OSCAR) expressing cell include:osteopetrosis, primary bone cancer, secondary bone cancer, osteoporosis,rheumatoid arthritis, acute myeloid leukaemia, multiple myeloma,osteoarthritis and other osteolytic diseases.

In some preferred embodiments, collagen peptides or peptidyl trimersdescribed herein may be useful in the treatment of disorderscharacterized by altered differentiation and/or activation ofosteoclasts or osteoclast precursor cells, such as osteopetrosis,primary bone cancer, secondary bone cancer, osteoporosis, and rheumatoidarthritis.

For example, collagen peptides or peptidyl trimers described herein maybe useful in the treatment of disorders characterized by decreaseddifferentiation and/or activation of osteoclasts or osteoclast precursorcells, such as osteopetrosis, by increasing the differentiation ofosteoclast precursor cells and/or increasing the activation ofosteoclasts.

Collagen peptides or peptidyl trimers described herein may also beuseful in the treatment of disorders characterized by increaseddifferentiation and/or activation of osteoclasts or osteoclast precursorcells, such as primary bone cancer, secondary bone cancer, osteoporosis,and rheumatoid arthritis. Collagen peptides or peptidyl trimersdescribed herein may, for example, decrease the differentiation ofosteoclast precursor cells and/or decrease the activation of (mature)osteoclasts by blocking the binding of OSCAR to collagen ligands andreducing OSCAR-mediated cell signalling.

In other embodiments, collagen peptides described herein may be usefulin the treatment of disorders characterized by altered differentiationand/or activation of myeloid cells, monocytes, and/or macrophages, suchas acute myeloid leukaemia and multiple myeloma. Collagen peptidesdescribed herein may, for example, modulate the differentiation and/oractivation of these cells.

Collagen peptides or peptidyl trimers described herein may also beuseful in the treatment of bone defects. For example, a method oftreating a bone defect in an individual may comprise administering acollagen peptide or peptidyl trimer to an individual in need thereof.

The peptide or peptidyl trimer may for example be administered locallyat the site of the bone defect by any convenient technique. The peptideor peptidyl trimer increases the recruitment of osteoclasts to the siteof bone defect. This recruitment may improve bone turnover and couplingbetween bone resorption and formation thereby facilitating the repair ofbone tissue at the site of bone defect.

A bone defect may be any site at which the structure of the bone isdisrupted or damaged. Defects may include cracks, discontinuities,fractures, non-unions or sites of bone implants.

Bone implants are commonly used for a range of medical applications andmay include autologous or allopathic bone tissue or implants fromartificial materials, such as stainless steel, titanium or ceramic.

In some embodiments, a bone implant may be coated with a peptide orpeptidyl trimer as described herein to facilitate bone repair at thesite of implantation.

Collagen peptides or peptidyl trimers, as referred to herein, may alsobe used for modulating differentiation and/or activation of anosteoclast-associated receptor (OSCAR) expressing cell in vitro. Forexample, a method of modulating differentiation and/or activation of anosteoclast-associated receptor (OSCAR) expressing cell in vitro maycomprise:

-   -   contacting an osteoclast-associated receptor (OSCAR) expressing        cell with a collagen peptide as described herein.

The collagen peptide or peptidyl trimer modulates differentiation and/oractivation of the OSCAR expressing cell.

In some embodiments, the differentiation and/or activation of the OSCARexpressing cell may be increased in the presence of a collagen peptide,compared with the level of differentiation and/or activation in theabsence of the collagen peptide.

In other embodiments, the differentiation and/or activation of the OSCARexpressing cell may be decreased in the presence of a collagen peptideor peptidyl trimer, compared with the level of differentiation and/oractivation in the absence of the collagen peptide.

The collagen peptide may be immobilized on a solid support.Conveniently, the solid support may be within a culture vessel forexample, a multi-well tissue culture plate, as described above. Thedifferentiation of the OSCAR expressing cell, e.g. an osteoclastprecursor cell, may be determined by any convenient technique, forexample by staining for tartrate resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP), e.g.using a TRAP-staining kit (SIGMA), as described herein.

The activation of an OSCAR expressing cell may be determined by anyconvenient technique, for example by determining the level or amount ofOSCAR signalling using a suitable reporter cell line. Conveniently, theOSCAR-CD3ξ NFAT-GFP reporter cell line described herein may be used todetermine the effect of the collagen peptide on OSCAR signalling inosteoclasts.

Other suitable approaches for determining the differentiation and/oractivation of OSCAR expressing cells include: western blotting for thepost-translational activation of signalling pathways e.g.phosphorylation, assays for production of proteins induced ordownregulated e.g. chemokines or cytokine production by ELISA or flowcytometry (Merck et al 2004, 2005 & 2006), calcium flux experiments (seefor example, Merck et al 2004, 2005 & 2006); cellular activation asdefined by respiratory burst and production of free oxygen radicals(Merck et al 2006); cell trafficking during receptor-mediatedendocytosis or phagocytosis and antigen presentation assays inmonocytes, macrophages, neutrophils, dendritic cells or osteoclasts(Merck et al., 2004 & 2005); cell trafficking of collagens inosteoclasts during bone resorption (Nesbitt & Horton, 1997; Stenbeck &Horton 2004); microscopical determination of multinucleation and proteinexpression in OSCAR expressing cells; RT-PCR for genes induced ordown-regulated through activation or differentiation; western blottingdetermination of proteins induced or down-regulated through activationor differentiation; and northern blotting determination of RNA moleculesinduced or down-regulated e.g. mRNA, micro RNA induced after activationor differentiation.

Other aspects of the invention relate to methods of screening formodulators, e.g. activators or inhibitors, of collagen-mediateddifferentiation and/or activation of cells which expressosteoclast-associated receptors (OSCAR). Such modulators may, forexample, be useful in the development of treatments for disorderscharacterized by altered differentiation and/or activation of OSCARexpressing cells, as described herein.

Methods of screening for modulators of collagen-mediated differentiationand/or activation of an OSCAR expressing cell may comprise contactingthe OSCAR expressing cell with a collagen peptide as described herein inthe presence or absence of a test compound and determining thedifferentiation and/or activation of the cell.

In some embodiments, the collagen peptide may have a positive effect ondifferentiation and/or activation of the OSCAR expressing cell, in theabsence of test compound.

A change in the differentiation and/or activation of the OSCARexpressing cell which is mediated by the collagen peptide in thepresence relative to the absence of the test compound is indicative thatthe test compound is a modulator of differentiation and/or activation.

An increase in collagen-mediated differentiation and/or activation ofthe OSCAR expressing cell in the presence of the test compound relativeto its absence may be indicative that the test compound is an activatorof collagen-mediated differentiation and/or activation of the OSCARexpressing cell.

A decreased in collagen-mediated differentiation and/or activation ofthe OSCAR expressing cell in the presence of the test compound relativeto its absence may be indicative that the test compound inhibits orblocks collagen-mediated differentiation and/or activation of the OSCARexpressing cell. For example, a inhibitory compound may inhibit or blockthe binding of the collagen peptide to OSCAR.

The differentiation and/or activation of an OSCAR expressing cell may bedetermine as described above.

Suitable test compounds which may be screened using the methodsdescribed herein may be natural or synthetic chemical compounds used indrug screening programmes. Extracts of plants, microbes or otherorganisms which contain several characterised or uncharacterisedcomponents may also be used.

Combinatorial library technology provides an efficient way of testing apotentially vast number of different compounds for ability to modulatean interaction. Such libraries and their use are known in the art, forall manner of natural products, small molecules and peptides, amongothers. The use of peptide libraries may be preferred in certaincircumstances.

The amount of test compound or compounds which may be added to a methodof the invention will normally be determined by trial and errordepending upon the type of compound used. Typically, from about 0.001 nMto 1 mM or more of putative inhibitor compound may be used, for examplefrom 0.01 nM to 10004, e.g. 0.1 to 5004, such as about 1004.

Suitable test compounds for screening include compounds known tomodulate differentiation and/or activation of OSCAR expressing cells.Such compounds include collagen peptides as described herein, TNF-familymembers (e.g. TNF, TRAIL etc.), RANKL, osteoprotegrin (OPG), M-CSF,GM-CSF, Interleukins: IL-1, IL-4, IL-6 family (e.g. IL-6, IL-11,Leukaemia inhibitory factor, oncostatin M etc.), IL-7, IL-8, IL-10,IL-12, IL-15, IL-17, IL-23 (Lorenzo and Choi, 2008), toll-like receptor(TLR) ligands and other inflammatory mediators e.g. LPS andanti-inflammatory mediators e.g. TGF-Beta and IL-10.

Suitable test compounds also include analogues, derivatives, variantsand mimetics of any of the compounds listed above, for example compoundsproduced using rational drug design to provide test candidate compoundswith particular molecular shape, size and charge characteristicssuitable for modulating differentiation and/or activation of OSCARexpressing cells.

A test compound may be isolated and/or purified or alternatively, it maybe synthesised using conventional techniques of recombinant expressionor chemical synthesis. Furthermore, it may be manufactured and/or usedin preparation, i.e. manufacture or formulation, of a composition suchas a medicament, pharmaceutical composition or drug. These may beadministered to individuals for the treatment of a disordercharacterized by altered osteoclast differentiation and/or activation,as described herein, or for preventing or delaying the onset of such adisorder. Methods described herein may thus comprise formulating thetest compound in a pharmaceutical composition with a pharmaceuticallyacceptable excipient, vehicle or carrier for therapeutic application, asdiscussed further below.

Following identification of a compound which modulates thecollagen-mediated differentiation and/or activation of anosteoclast-associated receptor (OSCAR) expressing cell, a method mayfurther comprise modifying the compound to optimise its pharmaceuticalproperties.

The modification of a ‘lead’ compound identified as biologically activeis a known approach to the development of pharmaceuticals and may bedesirable where the active compound is difficult or expensive tosynthesise or where it is unsuitable for a particular method ofadministration, e.g. peptides are not well suited as active agents fororal compositions as they tend to be quickly degraded by proteases inthe alimentary canal. Modification of a known active compound (forexample, to produce a mimetic) may be used to avoid randomly screeninglarge number of molecules for a target property.

Modification of a ‘lead’ compound to optimise its pharmaceuticalproperties commonly comprises several steps. Firstly, the particularparts of the compound that are critical and/or important in determiningthe target property are determined. In the case of a peptide, this canbe done by systematically varying the amino acid residues in thepeptide, e.g. by substituting each residue in turn. These parts orresidues constituting the active region of the compound are known as its“pharmacophore”.

Once the pharmacophore has been found, its structure is modelledaccording to its physical properties, e.g. stereochemistry, bonding,size and/or charge, using data from a range of sources, e.g.spectroscopic techniques, X-ray diffraction data and NMR.

Computational analysis, similarity mapping (which models the charge,hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity and/or volume of a pharmacophore, ratherthan the bonding between atoms) and other techniques can be used in thismodelling process.

In a variant of this approach, the three-dimensional structure of thecompound which modulates differentiation and/or activation of anosteoclast-associated receptor (OSCAR) expressing cell is modelled. Thiscan be especially useful where the compound changes conformation,allowing the model to take account of this in the optimisation of thelead compound.

A template molecule is then selected, onto which chemical groups thatmimic the pharmacophore can be grafted. The template molecule and thechemical groups grafted on to it can conveniently be selected so thatthe modified compound is easy to synthesise, is likely to bepharmacologically acceptable, and does not degrade in vivo, whileretaining the biological activity of the lead compound. The modifiedcompounds found by this approach can then be screened to see whetherthey have the target property, or to what extent they exhibit it.Modified compounds include mimetics of the lead compound.

Further optimisation or modification can then be carried out to arriveat one or more final compounds for in vivo or clinical testing.

A compound identified and/or obtained using the present methods may beformulated into a pharmaceutical composition as described elsewhereherein.

While it is possible for an active compound such as a collagen peptideto be administered alone, it is preferable to present it as apharmaceutical composition (e.g. formulation) comprising a collagenpeptide, together with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers,adjuvants, excipients, diluents, fillers, buffers, stabilisers,preservatives, lubricants, or other materials well known to thoseskilled in the art.

For example, a pharmaceutical composition may comprise a collagenpeptide and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.

In addition, a pharmaceutical composition may comprise one or moreadditional active agents, including for example a pharmaceutical agentcapable of modulating activation and/or differentiation of an OSCARexpressing cell.

For example, a pharmaceutical composition may comprise a collagenpeptide, a pharmaceutical agent capable of activation and/ordifferentiation of an osteoclast-associated receptor (OSCAR) expressingcell, and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.

Pharmaceutical compositions comprising a collagen peptide or trimer asdescribed herein, for example, admixed or formulated together with oneor more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, excipients, buffers,adjuvants, stabilisers, or other materials, as described herein, may beused in the methods described herein.

The term “pharmaceutically acceptable” as used herein pertains tocompounds, materials, compositions, and/or dosage forms which are,within the scope of sound medical judgement, suitable for use in contactwith the tissues of a subject (e.g., human) without excessive toxicity,irritation, allergic response, or other problem or complication,commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio (an acceptably highchemotherapeutic index). Each carrier, excipient, etc. must also be“acceptable” in the sense of being compatible with the other ingredientsof the formulation.

Suitable carriers, excipients, etc. can be found in standardpharmaceutical texts, for example, Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences,21st edition, Mack Publishing Company, Easton, Pa., 2005.

The formulations may conveniently be presented in unit dosage form andmay be prepared by any methods well-known in the art of pharmacy. Suchmethods include the step of bringing the active compound intoassociation with a carrier which may constitute one or more accessoryingredients. In general, the formulations are prepared by uniformly andintimately bringing into association the active compound with liquidcarriers or finely divided solid carriers or both, and then if necessaryshaping the product.

Formulations may be in the form of liquids, solutions, suspensions,emulsions, elixirs, syrups, tablets, lozenges, granules, powders,capsules, cachets, pills, ampoules, suppositories, pessaries, ointments,gels, pastes, creams, sprays, mists, foams, lotions, oils, boluses,electuaries, or aerosols.

The collagen peptide or trimer or pharmaceutical composition comprisingthe collagen peptide or trimer may be administered to a subject by anyconvenient route of administration, whether systemically/peripherally orat the site of desired action, including but not limited to, oral (e.g.by ingestion); topical (including e.g. transdermal, intranasal, ocular,buccal, and sublingual); pulmonary (e.g. by inhalation or insufflationtherapy using, e.g. an aerosol, e.g. through mouth or nose); parenteral,for example, by injection, including subcutaneous, intradermal,intramuscular, intravenous, intraarterial, intracardiac, intrathecal,intraspinal, intracapsular, subcapsular, intraorbital, intraperitoneal,intratracheal, subcuticular, intraarticular, subarachnoid, andintrasternal; by implant of a depot, for example, subcutaneously orintramuscularly; or by non-absorbable enteric slow release.

Pharmaceutical compositions suitable for oral administration may be intablet, powder liquid, solution, suspension, emulsion, syrup, or capsuleform. A tablet may include a solid carrier such as gelatin or anadjuvant. Liquid pharmaceutical compositions generally include a liquidcarrier such as water, petroleum, animal or vegetable oils, mineral oilor synthetic oil. Physiological saline solution, dextrose or othersaccharide solution or glycols such as ethylene glycol, propylene glycolor polyethylene glycol may be included.

Formulations suitable for parenteral administration include aqueous andnon-aqueous isotonic, pyrogen-free, sterile injection solutions whichmay contain anti-oxidants, buffers, preservatives, stabilisers,bacteriostats, and solutes which render the formulation isotonic withthe blood of the intended recipient; and aqueous and non-aqueous sterilesuspensions which may include suspending agents and thickening agents,and liposomes or other microparticulate systems which are designed totarget the compound to blood components or one or more organs. Examplesof suitable isotonic vehicles for use in such formulations includeSodium Chloride Injection, Ringer's Solution, or Lactated Ringer'sInjection. Typically, the concentration of the active compound in thesolution is from about 1 ng/ml to about 10 μg/ml, for example, fromabout 10 ng/ml to about 1 μg/ml. The formulations may be presented inunit-dose or multi-dose sealed containers, for example, ampoules andvials, and may be stored in a freeze-dried (lyophilised) conditionrequiring only the addition of the sterile liquid carrier, for examplewater for injections, immediately prior to use.

Examples of techniques and protocols mentioned above can be found inRemington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 21st edition, Mack PublishingCompany, Easton, Pa., 2005.

It will be appreciated that appropriate dosages of the collagen peptideor trimer can vary from patient to patient. Determining the optimaldosage will generally involve the balancing of the level of diagnosticbenefit against any risk or deleterious side effects of theadministration. The selected dosage level will depend on a variety offactors including, but not limited to, the route of administration, thetime of administration, the rate of excretion of the collagen peptide,other drugs, compounds, and/or materials used in combination, and theage, sex, weight, condition, general health, and prior medical historyof the patient. The amount of synthetic collagen peptide or trimer androute of administration will ultimately be at the discretion of thephysician, although generally the dosage will be to achieveconcentrations of the collagen peptide or trimer at a lesion sitewithout causing substantial harmful or deleterious side-effects.

Administration in vivo can be effected in one dose, continuously orintermittently (e.g., in divided doses at appropriate intervals).Methods of determining the most effective means and dosage ofadministration are well known to those of skill in the art and will varywith the formulation used for therapy, the purpose of the therapy, thetarget cell being treated, and the subject being treated. Single ormultiple administrations can be carried out with the dose level andpattern being selected by the physician.

The collagen peptide, trimer or composition comprising a collagenpeptide or trimer may be administered in a localised manner to a desiredsite or may be delivered in a manner in which it targets particularcells or tissues. For example, it may be administered directly to atissue comprising OSCAR expressing cells.

Various further aspects and embodiments of the present invention will beapparent to those skilled in the art in view of the present disclosure.All documents and database entries mentioned in this specification areincorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

In the amino acid sequences set out herein, O denotes a hydroxyprolineresidue.

“and/or” where used herein is to be taken as specific disclosure of eachof the two specified features or components with or without the other.For example “A and/or B” is to be taken as specific disclosure of eachof (i) A, (ii) B and (iii) A and B, just as if each is set outindividually herein.

Unless context dictates otherwise, the descriptions and definitions ofthe features set out above are not limited to any particular aspect orembodiment of the invention and apply equally to all aspects andembodiments which are described.

Certain aspects and embodiments of the invention will now be illustratedby way of example and with reference to the figures and tables describedabove.

EXPERIMENTS Materials and Methods Peptide Synthesis

The sequences of peptides used in this study are shown in Tables 1, 2and 3. Peptides were synthesized by Fmoc(N-(9-fluorenyl)methoxycarbonyl) chemistry as C-terminal amides onTentaGel R RAM resin in an Applied Biosystems Pioneer automatedsynthesizer and purified as described (Merck et al 2004). All peptideswere verified by mass spectrometry and shown to adopt triple-helicalconformation by polarimetry. Briefly, The host-guest strategy (Arase Het al Science. 2002. 296(5571):1323-6) was applied, as in our previousstudies (Raynal N, et al J Biol. Chem. 2006. 281(7):3821-31), where theguest (primary) sequence of interest is placed between (GPP)₅ hosts,inert flanking sequences, that impart triple-helical conformation on thewhole peptide. Each Toolkit peptide contains a guest sequence of 27amino acids, the C-terminal 9 amino acids of which form the first 9guest amino acids of the next peptide. Thus, the guest sequence of theToolkit advances 18 amino acids along the triple-helical domains oftype-II and -III collagen with each successive peptide, and a9-amino-acid overlap is included between adjacent peptides.

Solid Phase Binding Assays 10 ug/ml of different collagens, proteins andpeptides were resuspended in 0.01M Acetic-acid and immobilised overnightin Maxisorp 96-well ELISA plates (Nunc) at 4 degrees. Excess protein wasthen washed off and wells were blocked in 5% BSA in Tyrodes buffer+0.05%Tween (Ty-T) for 1 hour at room temperature (RT). The block was thenremoved and 100 μl purified Fc-fusion proteins (5 μg/ml) were incubatedfor 1 hour at RT. Fc-fusions were washed 5 times with 200 μl Ty-T,before detection with 100 μl goat anti-human-HRP conjugate (Sigma)diluted 1:10,000 in Ty-T for 1 hour at RT. Wells were then washed afurther 5 times before development with peroxidise substrate+H2O2(Pierce). Reactions were stopped with 2M H2SO4 before being read by aplate reader at 450 nm.

mAb Blocking Experiments

Fc-fusion proteins were pre-incubated with either 2.5 μg/ml anti-OSCARmAb 11.1CN5 (Beckman coulter) or an IgG1 isotype-matched control mAb(Dako) for 1 hour at RT prior assessment of collagen-binding activity byELISA. RBL-2H3 cells were incubated with 2.5 μg/ml anti-OSCAR mAb11.1CN5 or an IgG1 isotype-matched control mAb before binding to 5 μg/mltype-I collagen-FITC before analysis by flow cytometry.

Bone Marrow Stromal Cells and Calvarial Osteoblasts

Bone marrow was flushed from the femur and tibia of C57/B6 mice andadherent bone marrow stromal cells (BMS) were cultured in α-MEMsupplemented with 10% foetal calf serum (FCS) and 100 U/ml Penicillinand streptomycin. Calvarial osteoblasts (OB) were isolated from thecalvariae of neonatal pups using standard procedures and cultured inDMEM supplemented with 10% foetal calf serum (FCS), 100 U/ml Penicillinand streptomycin, 100n/ml ascorbate, 10⁻⁸M vitamin 1,25-(OH)₂D₃ and10⁻⁶M prostaglandin E₂ (ref). mOSCAR-Fc and hOSCAR-Fc binding toCD45-BMS and OB was assessed before and after collagenase treatment (30minutes at 37° C.) by flow cytometry. Fc-fusion proteins were detectedusing goat-anti human IgG-PE (Southern biotechnologies).

OSCAR-CD3ξ NFAT-GFP Reporter 2B4 Cells

2B4 NFAT-GFP reporter cells were a kind gift from Lewis Lanier (Arase etal., Science. 2002. 296(5571):1323-6). The extracellular domain of humanOSCAR was cloned into pDISPLAY, a construct which encodes an N-terminalHA tag and the transmembrane domain of the PDGF receptor (Invitrogen).The N-terminal tagged OSCAR and PDGFR transmembrane domain were thensubcloned in frame with the cytoplasmic tail of the human CD3ξ chainencoded in the pMx puro retroviral vector. Phoenix cells weretransfected with the resulting pMx puro OSCAR-CD3ξ construct andresulting virus was used to infect 2B4 NFAT-GFP reporter cells beforeselection single clones with 2.5 μg/mlpuromycin. In OSCAR-CD3ξ reportercell assays, tissue culture plates were coated overnight with differentproteins and peptides in 0.01M acetic acid at 4° C. Excess proteins andpeptides were washed 3 times with PBS and blocked for 1 hour inRPMI-1640 supplemented with 100 U/ml penicillin and streptomycin and 10%FCS before addition of OSCAR-CD3ξ reporter cells.

Osteoclast Cultures

48-well or 96-well tissue culture plates were coated with 10 μg/ml ofdifferent proteins and peptides in 0.01M acetic-acid overnight at 4° C.Excess protein and peptides were washed with three times with PBS beforeblocking in complete medium. Murine bone marrow was flushed from thetibias and fibias of 2-3 week old mice. Bone marrow was incubatedovernight to removed adherent stromal cells and the non-adherentfraction (free of stromal cells and osteoblasts) was removed andcultured as bone marrow macrophages (BMM) for 3 days in 100 ng/mlmurineM-CSF prior to osteoclast differentiation with 10 ng/ml M-CSF and either30 ng/ml or 100 ng/ml murine RANK-L in coated tissue culture plates.Human osteoclasts were derived from healthy donors or from frozen PBMCfrom Nasu-Hakola (NH) patients deficient in TREM2 (patient ‘NH2’) orDAP12-deficient (patient ‘NH6’). Peripheral blood monocytes wereinitially cultured as monocyte-derived dendritic cells in IL-4 andGM-CSF before differentiating into osteoclasts with 30 ng/ml human M-CSFand 100 ng/ml human RANK-L (Peprotech). Giant multi-nucleatedosteoclasts were fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde before staining fortartrate resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) with a TRAP-staining kit(Sigma).

Expression of Osteoclast-Specific Genes by RT-PCR

Total RNA was isolated from murine osteoclast cultures incubated in thepresence of BSA or OSCAR-binding triple-helical collagen peptides andreverse-transcribed into cDNA using superscript-III (Invitrogen). Thefollowing primers were used in RT-PCR to assess expression of murineosteoclast-specific genes; Cathepsin-K, 5′-GCAGTATAACAGCAAGGTGG-3′ and5′-TTCATCCTGGCCCACATATG-3′; Matrixmetalloproteinase-9,5′-TATCTGTATGGTCGTGGCTC-3′ and5′-CAAGTCGAATCTCCAGACAC-3′; Calcitonin receptor,5′-AGGAGGTCCAGAGTGAAAAG-3′ and 5′-TCTGGCAGCTAAGGTTCTTG-3′; Integrin αV,5′-CAACGAAGCCTTAGCAA-GAC-3′ and 5′-ATTCCACAGCCCAAAGTGTG-3′; Adisintegrin and metalloproteinase domain 8,5′-TGAATGCAAGGTGAAGCCAG-3′and 5′-GTAGACGCTGCTTGTTCATC-3′; Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphatedehydrogenase, 5′-AAGGGCTCATGACCACAGTC-3′ and5′-GGCCCCTCCTGTTATTATGG-3′; and OSCAR, 5′-ACTGCTGGTAACGGATCAGC-3′ and5′-TCCAAGGAGCCAGAA-CCTTC-3′.

Results OSCAR Binds Strongly to Collagens-4-II and -III and Weakly toCollagen-IV

To search for an OSCAR ligand, we initially screened the ability ofdifferent extracellular matrix proteins to bind human OSCAR-Fc fusionprotein by ELISA (FIGS. 1-6). Human OSCAR-Fc bound strongly to platescoated with collagens I, II and III, weakly to collagen IV and not atall to collagen V (FIGS. 1 & 2) or to the extracellular matrix proteinsvitronectin or fibronectin (FIG. 3). Human OSCAR-Fc did not bindappreciably to triple-helical peptide ligands for known collagenreceptors, such as integrin α₂β₁ (‘GFOGER’ and peptide derivatives) orthe ligand for GpVI, monomeric collagen related peptide (mCRP),providing indication that OSCAR has a distinct and specificcollagen-binding motif (FIGS. 1 & 2). In contrast to gpVI,N-glycosylation had no effect on the collagen binding activity of humanOSCAR-Fc (FIG. 20). Pre-incubation of OSCAR-Fc with the anti-human OSCARmAb 11.1CN5 abolished binding of human OSCAR-Fc to collagens I, II andIII, whereas an isotype matched control antibody had no effect (FIG. 4).

In addition, type-I Collagen-FITC bound to RBL-2H3 cells stablyexpressing human OSCAR, but not to untransfected RBL-2H3 (FIG. 5).Type-I collagen-FITC binding was inhibited by pre-incubation of humanOSCAR expressing RBL-2H3 cell with blocking anti-human OSCAR mAb 11.1CN5 (FIG. 5). Collagenase treatment removed the putative OSCAR ligandfrom murine bone marrow stromal cells and from murine calvarialosteoblasts activated with prostaglandin-E2 and Vitamin D3 (FIG. 6).

To establish a sequence-specific binding site for human OSCAR, the humanOSCAR-Fc protein was screened against a library of overlappingtriple-helical peptides encompassing the entire type-II and type-IIIcollagen sequences (Tables 1 and 2).

OSCAR-Fc specifically bound to several peptides from the Toolkits II and-III. Alignment of the six Toolkit peptides that bound most strongly toOSCAR-Fc is shown in Table 4, from which a consensus OSCAR-binding motifwas deduced (Table 5). To test the specificity of this interaction, wesynthesized derivatives of peptide 111-36 encompassing the two halves of111-36 containing the amino-acid sequence ‘GPOGPAGFOGAO’ (underlined)which conforms to the predicted OSCAR-binding motif. We also synthesizedpeptides trimmed to this putative minimal OSCAR binding motif, andperformed an Alanine scan through the x and x′ position of the Gxx′polymer (sequences of III-36 peptide and these derivatives are shown inTable 3). These peptides were used to assess the specificity of humanOSCAR-Fc binding, and demonstrated a crucial role for the side chains ofhydroxyproline at position (P) 3 and phenylalanine at P8 (FIG. 7).Additional amino-acid substitutions allowed us to explore thedeterminants of binding of this motif to human OSCAR-Fc (FIG. 8). Wefound that truncation of the C-terminal triplet (GAO) from the putativemotif did not impair binding, leading the establishment of GxOGPx'GFO asa minimal OCP sequence. It is interesting that Phe is a determinant ofOSCAR-binding, as also occurs with integrins, DDR2 and SPARC(osteonectin), but not GpVI or LAIR-1. This bulky, aromatic sidechainappears to offer a generic means of attachment to other proteins, but itcan be substituted with Tyr, Asp or Ser (but not Pro or Glu) withoutloss of OSCAR-binding capacity. This might be explained if OSCARinteracted with collagen through an Arg-Phe or Arg-Tyr cation-π bond, sothat alternatively, OSCAR Arg might interact with Asp or Ser byelectrostatic or hydrogen bonding. Replacement of the N-terminal xresidue with polar amino acids, Lys, Glu or Gln impairs binding, as doesthe insertion of the charged Asp (but not Arg) adjacent to F in theC-terminal triplet. These data, shown in FIG. 8, are consistent with alargely non-polar binding trench on OSCAR, from which triple-helices areexcluded if they contain bulky or polar sidechains at their N-terminus.

OSCAR Peptide Ligands Induce Signalling

A human OSCAR-CD3ξ NFAT-GFP reporter cell-line was used to assesswhether the OSCAR-binding collagen peptides (OCPs) identified abovecould transduce intracellular signals. GFP was expressed when OSCAR-CD3ξNFAT-GFP reporter cells were plated onto tissue culture plates coatedwith collagens-I, -II, -III and -IV and to plates coated with themajority of OCPs recognised by human OSCAR-Fc, but not plates coatedwith BSA or (GPP)₁₀ (FIGS. 9 and 10). Weak GFP expression was observedwhen OSCAR-CD3ξ NFAT-GFP reporter cells were cultured on plates coatedcollagen-V or with triple-helical peptides that did not bind appreciablyto human OSCAR-Fc by ELISA (FIGS. 9 and 10).

The hOSCAR-CD3ξ NFAT-GFP reporter cell-line was also screened againstthe collagen-II and collagen-III overlapping homotrimeric collagenpeptide libraries (FIGS. 11 and 12). Signalling generally paralleledthat of OSCAR-Fc binding, although there were some exceptions to this.The reasons for the imprecise fit between binding and activationsignalling are not known. They may relate to threshold or sensitivitydifferences between the two assays e.g. addition of 0.05% Tween-20 inELISA or the dimeric nature of OSCAR-Fc. Although repeatable, thedifferences are not substantive. These results show that OSCAR binds toa sequence-specific collagen motif and OSCAR recognition of this motifcan induce intracellular signalling.

Ligand Binding to OSCAR Enhances Osteoclastogenesis

Given the costimulatory effect of OSCAR and FcRγ on osteoclastogenesis,it was tested whether OCPs that induces OSCAR signalling would alsoenhance osteoclastogenesis.

OCPs enhanced in vitro osteoclastogenesis of human peripheral bloodmonocytes after 7 days culture with RANKL in wells coated with the OCPs,(GPP)₅-GPOGPAGFOGAO-(GPP)₅ and (GPP)₅-GAOGPAGFA-(GPP)₅, compared towells coated with BSA-, (GPP)₁₀-, or the control triple-helical peptide(GPP)₅-GLOGPSGEO-(GPP)₅ (FIG. 13).

This enhanced osteoclastogenesis was inhibited when the same OC cultureswere treated with blocking mAb 11.1 CN5 but not an isotype control mAbto MHC class I, showing that this effect was specific to the OSCAR/OCPinteraction (FIG. 14). Examples of the giant TRAP+ multinuclear cellsgenerated under these conditions are shown in FIG. 15

The costimulatory effect of plate-bound OCP also promoted the in vitroosteoclastogenesis of wild-type mouse BMMs (FIG. 16), but was notobserved with cultures from OSCAR-deficient (OSCAR−/−) BMM or withcultures from FcRγ−/− BMMs (FIG. 15), the adaptor through which OSCAR isknown to signal.

Remarkably, OCPs rescued the in vitro osteoclastogenic defect in OCcultures from murine DAP12−/− BMMs (FIG. 16) but not BMM fromFcRγ−/−DAP12−/− mice, which did not develop OCs under any of the cultureconditions analysed. The giant multinuclear DAP12−/− cells rescued byOCP stained for TRAP (FIG. 17A), formed actin rings (FIG. 17B), andexpressed OC-specific genes, such as cathepsin K, calcitonin receptor,integrin α_(V), a disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain 8 (ADAMS),matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9) and OSCAR by RT-PCR, compared to BMcells treated with M-CSF for 3 days in the absence of RANK-L.

To show definitively that the OCP-mediated rescue of DAP 12-deficientcells was specifically due to OSCAR, and not another collagen bindingreceptor, we generated OSCAR−/−DAP 12−/− mice and compared the rate ofosteoclastogenesis to OSCAR+/+DAP12−/− littermates in the presence orabsence of OCP. OSCAR+/+DAP12+/+ littermates displayed enhancedosteoclastogenesis in a similar fashion to wild-type CSBL/6 and 129mice. Similarly to DAP12−/− cells, OSCAR+/+DAP12−/− precursors developedgiant TRAP+ multinuclear cells in the presence of OCP, whereasOSCAR−/−DAP12−/− did not develop OC, similar to FcRγ−/−DAP12−/− cells.

To show that this effect was OSCAR-specific and not due to anunidentified collagen binding receptor, we retrovirally transducedOSCAR−/−DAP12−/− BMM with OSCAR and included DAP12, as a positivecontrol, and backbone empty pMx vector, as a negative control.Retroviral transduction of DAP12 restored osteoclastogenesis in allconditions tested, as expected (FIGS. 18 & 19), whereas controltransduction with the backbone pMx retroviral vector did not (FIG. 19).Retroviral transduction with mouse OSCAR rescued osteoclastogenesis inOCP-coated wells, but not OVA- or BSA-coated wells (FIGS. 18 & 19),showing the rescue of DAP12−/− cells was due to the OSCAR/OCPinteraction. Giant TRAP+ multinuclear cells also developed in(GPP)₁₀-coated wells but to a lesser extent. These results occurredbecause of retroviral overexpression of murine OSCAR, since NFAT-GFPreporter cells retrovirally transduced with mouse OSCAR express GFPafter incubation in wells coated with (GPP)₁₀. This also occurred uponretroviral transduction of both the ‘long’ signal peptide (SP-L) isoformof mouse OSCAR (FIG. 18) or the ‘short’ signal peptide isoform (SP—S),showing this effect was due to retroviral overexpression and not thedifferences present in the murine OSCAR isoforms expressed. It isnotable that neither DAP12−/− (FIG. 16) or OSCAR+/+DAP12−/− cells, whichexpress endogenous RANKL-induced OSCAR, do not form giant TRAP+multinucleated cells in plates coated with (GPP)₁₀ and that this wasonly exhibited after retroviral transduction of OSCAR in OC and 2B4NFAT-GFP reporter cells.

Ligand Binding to OSCAR Rescues Osteoclastogenesis of Nasu-HakolaPatients.

We assessed whether OSCAR OCPs could rescue the in vitroosteoclastogenic defect in cultures of peripheral blood monocytes fromNasu-Hakola (NH) patients supplemented with M-CSF and RANKL from eitherTREM2-(FIG. 20 RHS) and DAP12-deficient (FIG. 20 LHS)NH patients. GiantTRAP+ multinuclear cells developed from monocytes isolated from bothTREM2-deficient (NH2) and DAP12-deficient (NH6) NH patients inOCP-coated wells, but not in wells coated with BSA or (GPP)₁₀ (FIG. 21).

We also assessed whether soluble triple-helical OSCAR-binding peptideswould block the binding of human OSCAR-Fc binding to immobilisedtriple-helical peptides. FIG. 24 shows that soluble triple-helicalpeptides can block OSCAR-Fc binding to the same immobilised peptide.This shows soluble triple-helical peptides can be used to block OSCARbinding, and therefore signalling, in vitro or in vivo.

Triple-helical conformation of the OSCAR-binding motif was shown to beessential for signalling by determining the responses of the human andmurine OSCAR-CD3Zeta NFAT-GFP reporter cell-lines to: immobilised BSA; alinear peptide containing the minimal OSCAR-binding sequence ‘GPOGPAGFO’(GPCGPOGPAGFOGPC-NH2, Mass=1,341.54 Da); and a triple-helical peptidedesigned to the minimal OSCAR-binding sequence ‘(GPP)₅-GPOGPAGFO-(GPP)₅’(GPC(GPP)₅-GPOGPAGFO-(GPP)₅GPC-NH2, Mass=3,854.42 Da). The linear andtriple-helical status of these peptides was confirmed by polarimetry.

The results are shown in FIG. 25. Both the human and murine OSCARCD3ZetaNFAT-GFP reporter cell-lines were found to express GFP only in responseto the triple-helical conformation of the minimal OSCAR-bindingsequence. This confirms that, like the triple-helical conformation ofnative collagen, only triple-helical peptides containing anOSCAR-binding motif are recognised by OSCAR and not a linear motif.

The above data demonstrate that OSCAR binds to a specific collagensignature to promote osteoclastogenesis by a DAP12-independent pathway.Elucidation of the OSCAR:collagen pathway has important implications,not just for the alternative pathways of osteoclastogenesis that may beoperating in TREM2- and DAP12-deficient osteoporotic pathologies, suchas Nasu-Hakola disease, but also for understanding the molecular signalspromoting osteoclastogenesis, and hence bone resorption, operatingwithin the Bone Remodelling Compartment (BRC). The OSCAR:collagen axis,in conjunction with RANKL, may deliver costimulatory extracellularmatrix signals that would drive osteoclastogenesis specifically onremodelling bone surfaces as defined by the expression of these ligandswithin the BRC. We show above that OSCAR can specifically bind tocollagen II and induce signalling. OSCAR may therefore be a versatilecollagen receptor that can recognise different types of collagens tosense the nature of the extracellular matrix environment to promoteosteoclastogenesis.

Human OSCAR is widely expressed amongst haematopoietic cells, where itmay serve other roles. OSCAR may also contribute to altered leukocytefunction when collagens are exposed to the circulation, for example inthe recruitment of macrophages to atherosclerotic lesions, or in otherinflammatory compartments.

TABLE 1 SEQ Mass ID # Peptide Sequence (Da) NO:  1 GPC-(GPP)5- 5558 40GPMGPMGPRGPOGPAGAOGPQGFQGNO-(GPP)5- GPC-NH2  2 GPC-(GPP)5- 5648 41GPQGFQGNOGEOGEOGVSGPMGPRGPO-(GPP)5- GPC-NH2  3 GPC-(GPP)5- 5572 42GPMGPRGPOGPOGKOGDDGEAGKOGKA-(GPP)5- GPC-NH2  4 GPC-(GPP)5- 5621 43GEAGKOGKAGERGPOGPQGARGFOGTO-(GPP)5- GPC-NH2  5 GPC-(GPP)5- 5710 44GARGFOGTOGLOGVKGHRGYOGLDGAK-(GPP)5- GPC-NH2  6 GPC-(GPP)5- 5533 45GYOGLDGAKGEAGAOGVKGESGSOGEN-(GPP)5- GPC-NH2  7 GPC-(GPP)5- 5668 46GESGSOGENGSOGPMGPRGLOGERGRT-(GPP)5- GPC-NH2  8 GPC-(GPP)5- 5503 47GLOGERGRTGPAGAAGARGNDGQOGPA-(GPP)5- GPC-NH2  9 GPC-(GPP)5- 5385 48GNDGQOGPAGPOGPVGPAGGOGFOGAO-(GPP)5- GPC-NH2 10 GPC-(GPP)5- 5423 49GGOGFOGAOGAKGEAGPTGARGPEGAQ-(GPP)5- GPC-NH2 11 GPC-(GPP)5- 5447 50GARGPEGAQGPRGEOGTOGSOGPAGAS-(GPP)5- GPC-NH2 12 GPC-(GPP)5- 5295 51GSOGPAGASGNOGTDGIOGAKGSAGAO-(GPP)5- GPC-NH2 13 GPC-(GPP)5- 5417 52GAKGSAGAOGIAGAOGFOGPRGPOGPQ-(GPP)5- GPC-NH2 14 GPC-(GPP)5- 5510 53GPRGPOGPQGATGPLGPKGQTGEOGIA-(GPP)5- GPC-NH2 15 GPC-(GPP)5- 5607 54GQTGEOGIAGFKGEQGPKGEOGPAGPQ-(GPP)5- GPC-NH2 16 GPC-(GPP)5- 5558 55GEOGPAGPQGAOGPAGEEGKRGARGEO-(GPP)5- GPC-NH2 17 GPC-(GPP)5- 5628 56GKRGARGEOGGVGPIGPOGERGAOGNR-(GPP)5- GPC-NH2 18 GPC-(GPP)5- 5680 57GERGAOGNRGFOGQDGLAGPKGAOGER-(GPP)5- GPC-NH2 19 GPC-(GPP)5- 5529 58GPKGAOGERGPSGLAGPKGANGDOGRO-(GPP)5- GPC-NH2 20 GPC-(GPP)5- 5606 59GANGDOGROGEOGLOGARGLTGROGDA-(GPP)5- GPC-NH2 21 GPC-(GPP)5- 5562 60GLTGROGDAGPQGKVGPSGAOGEDGRO-(GPP)5- GPC-NH2 22 GPC-(GPP)5- 5650 61GAOGEDGROGPOGPQGARGQOGVMGFO-(GPP)5- GPC-NH2 23 GPC-(GPP)5- 5625 62GQOGVMGFOGPKGANGEOGKAGEKGLO-(GPP)5- GPC-NH2 24 GPC-(GPP)5- 5536 63GKAGEKGLOGAOGLRGLOGKDGETGAA-(GPP)5- GPC-NH2 25 GPC-(GPP)5- 5447 64GKDGETGAAGPOGPAGPAGERGEQGAO-(GPP)5- GPC-NH2 26 GPC-(GPP)5- 5577 65GERGEQGAOGPSGFQGLOGPOGPOGEG-(GPP)5- GPC-NH2 27 GPC-(GPP)5- 5458 66GPOGPOGEGGKOGDQGVOGEAGAOGLV-(GPP)5- GPC-NH2 28 GPC-(GPP)5- 5638 67GEAGAOGLVGPRGERGFOGERGSOGAQ-(GPP)5- GPC-NH2 29 GPC-(GPP)5- 5917 68GERGSOGAQGLQGPRGLOGTOGTDGPK-(GPP)5- GPC-NH2 30 GPC-(GPP)5- 5401 69GTOGTDGPKGASGPAGPOGAQGPOGLQ-(GPP)5- GPC-NH2 31 GPC-(GPP)5- 5561 70GAQGPOGLQGMOGERGAAGIAGPKGDR-(GPP)5- GPC-NH2 32 GPC-(GPP)5- 5525 71GIAGPKGDRGDVGEKGPEGAOGKDGGR-(GPP)5- GPC-NH2 33 GPC-(GPP)5- 5444 72GAOGKDGGRGLTGPIGPOGPAGANGEK-(GPP)5- GPC-NH2 34 GPC-(GPP)5- 5344 73GPAGANGEKGEVGPOGPAGSAGARGAO-(GPP)5- GPC-NH2 35 GPC-(GPP)5- 5450 74GSAGARGAOGERGETGPOGPAGFAGPO-(GPP)5- GPC-NH2 36 GPC-(GPP)5- 5495 75GPAGFAGPOGADGQOGAKGEQGEAGQK-(GPP)5- GPC-NH2 37 GPC-(GPP)5- 76GEQGEAGQKGDAGAOGPQGPSGAOGPQ-(GPP)5- GPC-NH2 D GPC-(GPP)5- 5475 77 37GEQGEAGQKGEAGAOGPQGPSGAOGPQ-(GPP)5- E GPC-NH2 38 GPC-(GPP)5- 5412 78GPSGAOGPQGPTGVTGPKGARGAQGPO-(GPP)5- GPC-NH2 39 GPC-(GPP)5- 5436 79GARGAQGPOGATGFOGAAGRVGPOGSN-(GPP)5- GPC-NH2 40 GPC-(GPP)5- 5525 80GRVGPOGSNGNOGPOGPOGPSGKDGPK-(GPP)5- GPC-NH2 41 GPC-(GPP)5- 5561 81GPSGKDGPKGARGDSGPOGRAGEOGLQ-(GPP)5- GPC-NH2 42 GPC-(GPP)5- 5561 82GRAGEOGLQGPAGPOGEKGEOGDDGPS-(GPP)5- GPC-NH2 43 GPC-(GPP)5- 5531 83GEOGDDGPSGAEGPOGPQGLAGQRGIV-(GPP)5- GPC-NH2 44 GPC-(GPP)5- 5705 84GLAGQRGIVGLOGQRGERGFOGLOGPS-(GPP)5- GPC-NH2 45 GPC-(GPP)5- 5551 85GFOGLOGPSGEOGKQGAOGASGDRGPO-(GPP)5- GPC-NH2 46 GPC-(GPP)5- 5514 86GASGDRGPOGPVGPOGLTGPAGEOGRE-(GPP)5- GPC-NH2 47 GPC-(GPP)5- 5491 87GPAGEOGREGSOGADGPOGRDGAAGVK-(GPP)5- GPC-NH2 48 GPC-(GPP)5- 5449 88GRDGAAGVKGDRGETGAVGAOGAOGPO-(GPP)5- GPC-NH2 49 GPC-(GPP)5- 5431 89GAOGAOGPOGSOGPAGPTGKQGDRGEA-(GPP)5- GPC-NH2 50 GPC-(GPP)5- 5534 90GKQGDRGEAGAQGPMGPSGPAGARGIQ-(GPP)5- GPC-NH2 51 GPC-(GPP)5- 5644 91GPAGARGIQGPQGPRGDKGEAGEOGER-(GPP)5- GPC-NH2 52 GPC-(GPP)5- 5746 92GEAGEOGERGLKGHRGFTGLQGLOGPO-(GPP)5- GPC-NH2 53 GPC-(GPP)5- 5427 93GLQGLOGPOGPSGDQGASGPAGPSGPR-(GPP)5- GPC-NH2 54GPC-(GPP)5-GPAGPSGPRGPOGPVGPSGKDGAN 5409 94 GIO-(GPP)5-GPC-NH2 55GPC-(GPP)5-GKDGANGIOGPIGPOGPRGRSGET 5528 95 GPA-(GPP)5-GPC-NH2 56GPC-(GPP)5- 5521 96 GPRGRSGETGPAGPOGNOGPOGPOGPO-(GPP)5- GPC-NH2

TABLE 2 Mass Melting # Peptide Sequence (Da) Temp(° C.) SEQ ID NO:  1GPC(GPP)₅- 5456 41.90  97 GLAGYOGPAGPOGPOGPOGTSGHOGSO- (GPP)₅GPC-NH₂  2GPC(GPP)₅- 5524 35.20  98 GTSGHOGSOGSOGYQGPOGEOGQAGPS- (GPP)₅GPC-NH₂  3GPC(GPP)₅- 5383 45.80  99 GEOGQAGPSGPOGPOGAIGPSGPAGKD- (GPP)₅GPC-NH₂  4GPC(GPP)₅- 5634 43.50 100 GPSGPAGKDGESGROGROGERGLOGPO- (GPP)₅GPC-NH₂  5GPC(GPP)₅- 5728 36.50 101 GERGLOGPOGIKGPAGIOGFOGMKGHR- (GPP)₅GPC-NH₂  6GPC(GPP)₅- 5816 / 102 GFOGMKGHRGFDGRNGEKGETGAOGLK- (GPP)₅GPC-NH₂  7GPC(GPP)₅- 5592 43.00 103 GETGAOGLKGENGLOGENGAOGPMGPR- (GPP)₅GPC-NH₂  8GPC(GPP)₅- 5558 48.60 104 GAOGPMGPRGAOGERGROGLOGAAGAR- (GPP)₅GPC-NH₂  9GPC(GPP)₅- 5474 38.80 105 GLOGAAGARGNDGARGSDGQOGPOGPO- (GPP)₅GPC-NH₂ 10GPC(GPP)₅- 5448 45.70 106 GQOGPOGPOGTAGFOGSOGAKGEVGPA- (GPP)₅GPC-NH₂ 11GPC(GPP)₅- 5491 35.50 107 GAKGEVGPAGSOGSNGAOGQRGEOGPQ- (GPP)₅GPC-NH₂ 12GPC(GPP)₅- 5565 45.50 108 GQRGEOGPQGHAGAQGPOGPOGINGSO- (GPP)₅GPC-NH₂ 13GPC(GPP)₅- 5464 41.50 109 GPOGINGSOGGKGEMGPAGIOGAOGLM- (GPP)₅GPC-NH₂ 14GPC(GPP)₅- 5457 44.50 110 GIOGAOGLMGARGPOGPAGANGAOGLR- (GPP)₅GPC-NH₂ 15GPC(GPP)₅- 5504 38.57 111 GANGAOGLRGGAGEOGKNGAKGEOGPR- (GPP)₅GPC-NH₂ 16GPC(GPP)₅- 5620 39.00 112 GAKGEOGPRGERGEAGIOGVOGAKGED- (GPP)₅GPC-NH₂ 17GPC(GPP)₅- 5453 38.50 113 GVOGAKGEDGKDGSOGEOGANGLOGAA- (GPP)₅GPC-NH₂ 18GPC(GPP)₅- 5490 37.00 114 GANGLOGAAGERGAOGFRGPAGPNGIO- (GPP)₅GPC-NH₂ 19GPC(GPP)₅- 5480 45.00 115 GPAGPNGIOGEKGPAGERGAOGPAGPR- (GPP)₅GPC-NH₂ 20GPC(GPP)₅- 5489 43.00 116 GAOGPAGPRGAAGEOGRDGVOGGOGMR- (GPP)₅GPC-NH₂ 21GPC(GPP)₅- 5496 41.00 117 GVOGGOGMRGMOGSOGGOGSDGKOGPO- (GPP)₅GPC-NH₂ 22GPC(GPP)₅- 5560 41.00 118 GSDGKOGPOGSQGESGROGPOGPSGPR- (GPP)₅GPC-NH₂ 23GPC(GPP)₅- 5576 46.10 119 GPOGPSGPRGQOGVMGFOGPKGNDGAO- (GPP)₅GPC-NH₂ 24GPC(GPP)₅- 5500 38.80 120 GPKGNDGAOGKNGERGGOGGOGPQGPO- (GPP)₅GPC-NH₂ 25GPC(GPP)₅- 5424 49.00 121 GGOGPQGPOGKNGETGPQGPOGPTGPG- (GPP)₅GPC-NH₂ 26GPC(GPP)₅- 5483 39.00 122 GPOGPTGPGGDKGDTGPOGPQGLQGLO- (GPP)₅GPC-NH₂ 27GPC(GPP)₅- 5571 44.00 123 GPQGLQGLOGTGGPOGENGKOGEOGPK- (GPP)₅GPC-NH₂ 28GPC(GPP)₅- 5376 44.49 124 GKOGEOGPKGDAGAOGAOGGKGDAGAO- (GPP)₅GPC-NH₂ 29GPC(GPP)₅- 5375 45.40 125 GGKGDAGAOGERGPOGLAGAOGLRGGA- (GPP)₅GPC-NH₂ 30GPC(GPP)₅- 5324 42.90 126 GAOGLRGGAGPOGPEGGKGAAGPOGPO- (GPP)₅GPC-NH₂ 31GPC(GPP)₅- 5418 46.30 127 GAAGPOGPOGAAGTOGLQGMOGERGGL- (GPP)₅GPC-NH₂ 32GPC(GPP)₅- 5525 43.20 128 GMOGERGGLGSOGPKGDKGEOGGOGAD- (GPP)₅GPC-NH₂ 33GPC(GPP)₅- 5484 38.83 129 GEOGGOGADGVOGKDGPRGPTGPIGPO- (GPP)₅GPC-NH₂ 34GPC(GPP)₅- 5426 46.27 130 GPTGPIGPOGPAGQOGDKGEGGAOGLO- (GPP)₅GPC-NH₂ 35GPC(GPP)₅- 5518 41.00 131 GEGGAOGLOGIAGPRGSOGERGETGPO- (GPP)₅GPC-NH₂ 36GPC(GPP)₅- 5566 40.93 132 GERGETGPOGPAGFOGAOGQNGEOGGK- (GPP)₅GPC-NH₂ 37GPC(GPP)₅- 5521 30.79 133 GQNGEOGGKGERGAOGEKGEGGPOGVA- (GPP)₅GPC-NH₂ 38GPC(GPP)₅- 5310 42.00 134 GEGGPOGVAGPOGGSGPAGPOGPQGVK- (GPP)₅GPC-NH₂ 39GPC(GPP)₅- 5506 41.70 135 GPOGPQGVKGERGSOGGOGAAGFOGAR- (GPP)5GPC -NH2 40GPC(GPP)₅- 5447 42.70 136 GAAGFOGARGLOGPOGSNGNOGPOGPS- (GPP)₅GPC-NH₂ 41GPC(GPP)₅- 5400 46.00 137 GNOGPOGPSGSOGKDGPOGPAGNTGAO- (GPP)₅GPC-NH₂ 42GPC(GPP)₅- 5422 37.00 138 GPAGNTGAOGSOGVSGPKGDAGQOGEK- (GPP)₅GPC-NH₂ 43GPC(GPP)₅- 5431 35.80 139 GDAGQOGEKGSOGAQGPOGAOGPLGIA- (GPP)₅GPC-NH₂ 44GPC(GPP)₅- 5470 35.90 140 GAOGPLGIAGITGARGLAGPOGMOGPR- (GPP)₅GPC-NH₂ 45GPC(GPP)₅- 5561 46.70 141 GPOGMOGPRGSOGPQGVKGESGKOGAN- (GPP)₅GPC-NH₂ 46GPC(GPP)₅- 5532 34.90 142 GESGKOGANGLSGERGPOGPQGLOGLA- (GPP)₅GPC-NH₂ 47GPC(GPP)₅- 5535 35.92 143 GPQGLOGLAGTAGEOGRDGNOGSDGLO- (GPP)₅GPC-NH₂ 48GPC(GPP)₅- 5585 33.09 144 GNOGSDGLOGRDGSOGGKGDRGENGSO- (GPP)₅GPC-NH₂ 49GPC(GPP)₅- 5466 43.50 145 GDRGENGSOGAOGAOGHOGPOGPVGPA- (GPP)₅GPC-NH₂ 50GPC(GPP)₅- 5356 43.45 146 GPOGPVGPAGKSGDRGESGPAGPAGAO- (GPP)₅GPC-NH₂ 51GPC(GPP)₅- 5396 49.10 147 GPAGPAGAOGPAGSRGAOGPQGPRGDK- (GPP)₅GPC-NH₂ 52GPC(GPP)₅- 5732 / 148 GPQGPRGDKGETGERGAAGIKGHRGFO- (GPP)₅GPC-NH₂ 53GPC(GPP)₅- 5573 30.47 149 GIKGHRGFOGNOGAOGSOGPAGQQGAI- (GPP)₅GPC-NH₂ 54GPC(GPP)₅- 5379 47.50 150 GPAGQQGAIGSOGPAGPRGPVGPSGPO- (GPP)₅GPC-NH₂ 55GPC(GPP)₅- 5504 49.10 151 GPVGPSGPOGKDGTSGHOGPIGPOGPR- (GPP)₅GPC-NH₂ 56GPC(GPP)₅- 5695 44.10 152 GPIGPOGPRGNRGERGSEGSOGHOGQO- (GPP)₅GPC-NH₂ 57GPC(GPP)₅- 5556 44.10 153 GERGSEGSOGHOGQOGPOGPOGAOGPC- (GPP)₅GPC-NH₂GPP10 GPC(GPP)₁₀GPC-NH₂ 3044 48.2 154

TABLE 3 Mass SEQ ID Code Peptide Sequence (Da) NO: GAOGPAGEAinGPPGPC(GPP)5GAOGPAGEA(GPP)5GPC-NH2 3768 155 GKOGPAGFAinGPPGPC(GPP)5GKOGPAGFA(GPP)5GPC-NH2 3843 156 GAOGVMGFAinGPPGPC(GPP)5GAOGVMGFA(GPP)5GPC-NH2 3848 157 GLOGPSGEOinGPPGPC(GPP)5GLOGPSGEO(GPP)5GPC-NH2 3868 158 GFOGLOGPSinGPPGPC(GPP)5GFOGLOGPS(GPP)5GPC-NH2 3886 159 GAOGPAGFAGEAinGPC(GPP)5GAOGPAGFAGEA(GPP)5GPC- 4043 160 GPP NH2 GFOGPAGFAinGPPGPC(GPP)5GFOGPAGFA(GPP)5GPC-NH2 3862 161 ColIII-36GPOtoGAOGPC(GPP)5-GPOGPAGFOGAO-(GPP)5GPC- 4095.67 162 NH2 ColIII-36GPOtoGAO-GPC(GPP)5-GAOGPAGFOGAO-(GPP)5GPC- 4069.63 163 A2 NH2 ColIII-36GPOtoGAO-GPC(GPP)5-GPOGPAGFAGAO-(GPP)5GPC- 4053.63 164 A9 NH2 GAOGPAGSAinGPPGPC(GPP)5GAOGPAGSA(GPP)5GPC-NH2 3726 165 ColIII-36GERtoGQN GPC(GPP)5-5024 166 GERGETGPOGPAGFOGAOGQN- (GPP)5GPC-NH2 ColIII-36GPOtoGGkGPC(GPP)5- 4936 167 GPOGPAGFOGAOGQNGEOGGK- (GPP)5GPC-NH2ColIII-36GPOtoGAO- GPC(GPP)5-GPOGAAGFOGAO-(GPP)5GPC- 4069 168 A5 NH2ColIII-36GPOtoGAO- GPC(GPP)5-GPOGPAGAOGAO-(GPP)5GPC- 4019 169 A8 NH2ColIII-36GPOtoGAO- GPC(GPP)5-GPOGPAGFOGAA-(GPP)5GPC- 4053 170 A12 NH2GAOGPAGFAinGPP GPC(GPP)-5GAOGPAGFA-(GPP)5GPC-NH2 3786 171 GAOGAAGFAinGPPGPC(GPP)5GAOGAAGFA(GPP)5GPC-NH2 3760 172 GAOGPPGFAinGPPGPC(GPP)5GAOGPPGFA(GPP)5GPC-NH2 3812 173 GAOGPOGFAinGPPGPC(GPP)5GAOGPOGFA(GPP)5GPC-NH2 3828 174 GAOGPAGFDinGPPGPC(GPP)5GAOGPAGFD(GPP)5GPC-NH2 3754 175 GQOGPAGFAinGPPGPC(GPP)5GQOGPAGFA(GPP)5GPC-NH2 3843 176 GEOGPAGFAinGPPGPC(GPP)5GEOGPAGFA(GPP)5GPC-NH2 3844 177 GAOGPQGFAinGPPGPC(GPP)5GAOGPQGFA(GPP)5GPC-NH2 3843 178 GAOGPQGPAinGPPGPC(GPP)5GAOGQAGPA(GPP)5GPC-NH2 3793 179 GAOGASGDRinGPPGPC(GPP)5GAOGASGDR(GPP)5GPC-NH2 3829 180 GAOGPAGYAinGPPGPC(GPP)5GAOGPAGYA(GPP)5GPC-NH2 3802 181 GPP10 GPC-(GPP)10-GPCG-NH2 3044154

TABLE 4 Highest affinity Toolkit peptides: II-1GPMGPMGPRGPOGPAGAOGPQGFQGNO II-26          GERGEQGAOGPSGFQGLOGPOGPOGEGII-35 GSAGARGAOGERGETGPOGPAGFAGPO II-45 GFOGLOGPSGEOGKQGAOGASGDRGPOIII-36          GERGETGPOGPAGFOGAOGQNGEOGGK III-39GPOGPQGVKGERGSOGGOGAAGFOGAR Consensus:                GxOGPxGFOGxO

TABLE 5 Minimum motif and OSCAR-binding variants: GAOGPAGFA  P  AS DR G     SO        YQ

REFERENCES

-   Walsh, M. C. et al Annu Rev Immunol 24, 33 (2006)-   Takayanagi, H. et al Nat Rev Immunol 7 (4), 292 (2007).-   Mundy, G. R., Osteoporosis and inflammation. Nutr Rev 65 (12 Pt 2),    5147 (2007);-   Teitelbaum, S. L. Arthritis Res Ther 8 (1), 201 (2006);-   Wada, T. et al. Trends Mol Med 12 (1), 17 (2006).-   Eriksen, E. F. et al J Bone Miner Res 22 (1), 1 (2007).-   Hauge, E. M. et al. J Bone Miner Res 16 (9), 1575 (2001).-   Matsuo, K. et al Arch Biochem Biophys 473 (2), 201 (2008);-   Parfitt, A. M. J Bone Miner Res 16 (9), 1583 (2001).-   Lacey, D. L. et al. Cell 93 (2), 165 (1998); Yasuda, H. et al. Proc    Natl Acad Sci USA 95 (7), 3597 (1998);-   Kong, Y. Y. et al. Nature 397 (6717), 315 (1999).-   Hamdy, N. A. Curr Opin Investig Drugs 8 (4), 299 (2007);-   Roodman, G. D et al. Cancer Treat Rev 34 (1), 92 (2008).-   Boyle, W. J. et al Nature 423 (6937), 337 (2003).-   Koga, T. et al. Nature 428 (6984), 758 (2004).-   Mocsai, A. et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101 (16), 6158 (2004);-   Zou, W. et al. J Cell Biol 176 (6), 877 (2007).-   Bouchon, A. et al J Exp Med 194 (8), 1111 (2001).-   Kondo, T. et al. Neurology 59 (7), 1105 (2002);-   Paloneva, J. et al Nat Genet. 25 (3), 357 (2000); Paloneva, J. et    al. Am J Hum Genet. 71 (3), 656 (2002).-   Cella, M. et al. J Exp Med 198 (4), 645 (2003)-   Humphrey, M. B. et al. J Bone Miner Res 19 (2), 224 (2004)-   Paloneva, J. et al. J Exp Med 198 (4), 669 (2003).-   Takegahara, N. et al. Nat Cell Biol 8 (6), 615 (2006).-   Kim, N. et al. J Exp Med 195 (2), 201 (2002).-   Kim, Y. et al. J Biol Chem 280 (38), 32905 (2005).-   Masuyama, R. et al. J Clin Invest 116 (12), 3150 (2006)-   Usui, M. et al. J Bone Miner Res 23 (3), 314 (2008).-   Ishikawa, S. et al. Int Immunol 16 (7), 1019 (2004).-   Merck, E. et al. Blood 104 (5), 1386 (2004).-   Kim, G. S. et al. J Bone Miner Res 20 (8), 1342 (2005).-   Merck, E. et al. Blood 105 (9), 3623 (2005);-   Merck, E. et al. J Immunol 176 (5), 3149 (2006).-   Nesbitt S A, et al Science. 276(5310):266-9 (1997).-   Stenbeck G, et al. J Cell Sci. 117(Pt 6):827-36 (2004).-   Lorenzo J, et al. Endocr Rev. 29(4):403-40 (2008).-   Raynal N, et al. J Biol. Chem. 281(7):3821-31 (2006).-   Arase H, et al Science. 296(5571):1323-6 (2002).-   Slatter D A et al J Mol. Biol. 359(2):289-98 (2006).

SEQUENCES

MVLLLILQLSTLCELSLPWPVCHADFTSPVPLASYPKPWLGAHPAAIVTPGINVTLICRAPQPAWGFGLFKTGLATPLLLRNVSIGLAEFFLEKVTSVQE GSYHCRYRKTDWGPGVWSQPSNALELLVTDQLPRPSLVAIPGPVVAPETTVSLRCAGRIPGMSFALYRADVATPLQYIDSVQPWADFLLNSANAPGTYYCYYHTPSSPYVLSERSQPLVI SSESSGSLDYTQGNLVRLGLAGLVLICLGIIVTFDWHSRRSAFVRLLPQQNWV

OSCAR Rattus Norvegicus

From Rat Genome database (http://rgd.mcw.edu/) weblink to Rat OSCAR(predicted): http://rgd.mcw.edu/tools/genes/genes view.cgi?id=1559897Ensembl (www.ensembl.org) Gene ID: ENSRNOG00000038776.

1. A method of treating a disorder characterized by altered osteoclast differentiation and/or activation comprising administering an antibody that binds to an osteoclast-associated receptor (OSCAR) to an individual in need thereof.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the disorder is selected from the group consisting of osteoporosis, primary bone cancer, secondary bone cancer, osteoporosis, rheumatoid arthritis, acute myeloid leukaemia, multiple myeloma, osteoarthritis, and other osteolytic diseases.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the disorder is rheumatoid arthritis.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the osteoclast-associated receptor (OSCAR) is a human osteoclast-associated receptor (OSCAR).
 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the antibody reduces binding of the osteoclast-associated receptor (OSCAR) to a collagen.
 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the collagen is selected from the group consisting of type-I collagen, type-II collagen, and type III collagen.
 7. A method of treating rheumatoid arthritis comprising administering an antibody that binds to a human osteoclast-associated receptor (OSCAR) to an individual in need thereof.
 8. The method of treating rheumatoid arthritis of claim 7, wherein the antibody reduces binding of the osteoclast-associated receptor (OSCAR) to a collagen.
 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the collagen is selected from the group consisting of type-I collagen, type-II collagen, and type III collagen.
 10. A method for reducing a binding of an osteoclast-associated receptor (OSCAR) to a collagen comprising: administering to a subject an antibody that binds to a human osteoclast-associated receptor (OSCAR), and reducing the binding of the human osteoclast-associated receptor (OSCAR) to a collagen.
 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the collagen is selected from the group consisting of type-I collagen, type-II collagen, and type III collagen. 